1st January 2000 The Times Millennium Year Edition Newspaper Old Y2K Vintage UK

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Seller: checkoutmyunqiuefunitems ✉️ (3,712) 99.9%, Location: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 275962177734 1st January 2000 The Times Millennium Year Edition Newspaper Old Y2K Vintage UK.   The Times 1st January 2000 Newspaper This is the Original The Times Newspaper from Saturday 1st January 2000 bought my myself on the day Which makes it 23 years old  It contains the full paper and all the supplements The Cover Story is the Millenium Dome taken at midnight on the dawn of the new millenium The main news story of the day was Vladimir Putin takes over The Leadership of Russia from Boris Yeltsin Included is many features on the Millenium including Photos of the Worldwide Celebrations with Fireworks, Guide to the Millenium Dome, Predictions for the Future, Look back at the past, Prophecies for the future, Millenium Messages posted by members of the Public, Faces of the Future a list of people who could make it big in the coming years, ancd much much more The Newspapers are A3 Size and the magazines are A4 size  Over 280 pages in total In Excellent Condition Magnificent Keepsake Souvenir to Remember a Remarkable date I have a lot of Historical items on Ebay so Please  CLICK HERE TO VISIT MY SHOP
   Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 2,000 Satisfied Customers I have over 14 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together I always combined postage on multiple items so why not   Check out my other items   All Payment Methods in All Major Currencies Accepted. All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment. 

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I have sold items to coutries such as Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL)  * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL)  * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL)  * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL)  * Sint Maarten (NL)  * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe and major cities such as Tokyo, Yokohama, New York City, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Mexico City, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Manila, Mumbai, Delhi, Jakarta, Lagos, Kolkata, Cairo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow, Shanghai, Karachi, Paris, Istanbul, Nagoya, Beijing, Chicago, London, Shenzhen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Tehran, Bogota, Lima, Bangkok, Johannesburg, East Rand, Chennai, Taipei, Baghdad, Santiago, Bangalore, Hyderabad, St Petersburg, Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra The Times Type    Daily newspaper Format    Compact Owner(s)    News UK Editor    Tony Gallagher Founded    1 January 1785; 238 years ago (as The Daily Universal Register) Political alignment    Conservative[1] Headquarters    The News Building, London 1 London Bridge Place, SE1 9GF Country    United Kingdom Circulation    365,880 (as of March 2020)[2] Sister newspapers    The Sunday Times ISSN    0140-0460 Website    www.thetimes.co.uk Edit this at Wikidata     Media of the United Kingdom     List of newspapers Part of a series on Conservatism in the United Kingdom Ideologies     Anglo-Catholicism Cameronism         Muscular liberalism Christian democracy Compassionate Green Liberal Neo One-nation Powellism Progressive Thatcherism Toryism         High Red Social Ultra Principles     Civil society Classical liberalism Elitism         Aristocracy Meritocracy Noblesse oblige Family values Loyalism Monarchism Moral absolutism Protectionism Royalism Social market economy Tradition Intellectuals     Belloc Burke Carlyle Chesterton Coleridge Dalrymple Dawson Disraeli Eliot Ferguson Hitchens Hume Johnson (Paul) Johnson (Samuel) Joseph Lewis More Newman Oakeshott Roberts Scott Scruton Tolkien Works     A Vindication of Natural Society (1756) Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) Coningsby (1844) Sybil (1845) Orthodoxy (1908) "Tradition and the Individual Talent" (1919) The Abolition of Man (1943) Our Culture, What's Left of It (2005) The Rage Against God (2010) The Great Degeneration (2013) How to Be a Conservative (2014) Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition (2017) Politicians     Baldwin Braverman Burke Cameron Canning Churchill Disraeli Hayes Johnson Joseph Leigh May Pitt Powell Rees-Mogg Salisbury Thatcher Parties     Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK Christian Party Christian Peoples Alliance Conservative and Unionist Party Democratic Unionist Party For Britain Movement Heritage Party Traditional Unionist Voice Tories UK Independence Party Ulster Unionist Party Veterans and People's Party Organisations     Bright Blue Blue Collar Conservativism Cornerstone Group One Nation Conservatives Tory Reform Group Media     Daily Express         Sunday Express Daily Mail The Daily Telegraph Evening Standard GB News The Mail on Sunday The Salisbury Review The Spectator The Sun The Sun on Sunday The Sunday Telegraph The Sunday Times TalkTV The Times Related topics     Liberalism in the United Kingdom Politics of the United Kingdom Socialism in the United Kingdom      Conservatism portal     flag United Kingdom portal     vte The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Media, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, in turn wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times, which do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have had common ownership only since 1966.[3] In general, the political position of The Times is considered to be centre-right.[4] The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, such as The Times of India and The New York Times. In countries where these other titles are popular, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times,[5][6] or as The Times of London,[7] although the newspaper is of national scope and distribution. It is considered a newspaper of record in the UK.[8] The Times had an average daily circulation of 365,880 in March 2020; in the same period, The Sunday Times had an average weekly circulation of 647,622.[2] The two newspapers also had 304,000 digital-only paid subscribers as of June 2019.[9] An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006.[10] The Times has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the digitised paper, up to 2019, is online from Gale Cengage Learning.[11][12] History 1785 to 1890 Front page of The Times from 4 December 1788 The Times was founded by publisher John Walter (1738–1812) on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register,[13] with Walter in the role of editor.[14] Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company for which he worked went bankrupt due to losses from a Jamaican hurricane. Unemployed, Walter began a new business venture.[15][16] At that time, Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was reputedly faster and more precise (although three years later, it was proved less efficient than advertised). Walter bought the logography's patent and with it opened a printing house to produce books.[16] The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register was on 1 January 1785. Walter changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times.[13][16] In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name.[16] In spite of Walter Sr's sixteen-month stay in Newgate Prison for libel printed in The Times,[16] his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers.[17] The Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits of The Times were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig (1774–1833).[18][19] In 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000.[20] Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817. In the same year, the paper's printer James Lawson died, and passed the business onto his son John Joseph Lawson (1802–1852). Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for The Times the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform."). The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press. Distribution via steam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.[21] The Times was one of the first newspapers to send war correspondents to cover particular conflicts. William Howard Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War, was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England.[22][23] A wounded British officer reading The Times's report of the end of the Crimean War, in John Everett Millais' painting Peace Concluded 1890 to 1981 The Times faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), The Times became associated with selling the Encyclopædia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. Due to legal fights between the Britannica's two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.[24] In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914, Wickham Steed, the Times's Chief Editor, argued that the British Empire should enter World War I.[25] On 8 May 1920, also under the editorship of Steed, The Times in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic fabrication The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a genuine document, and called Jews the world's greatest danger. In the leader entitled "The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry", Steed wrote about The Protocols of the Elders of Zion:     What are these 'Protocols'? Are they authentic? If so, what malevolent assembly concocted these plans and gloated over their exposition? Are they forgery? If so, whence comes the uncanny note of prophecy, prophecy in part fulfilled, in part so far gone in the way of fulfillment?".[26] The following year, when Philip Graves, the Constantinople (modern Istanbul) correspondent of The Times, exposed The Protocols as a forgery,[27] The Times retracted the editorial of the previous year. In 1922, John Jacob Astor, son of the 1st Viscount Astor, bought The Times from the Northcliffe estate. The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement; editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement, most notably Neville Chamberlain. Candid news reports by Norman Ebbut from Berlin that warned of warmongering were rewritten in London to support the appeasement policy.[28][29] Kim Philby, a double agent with primary allegiance to the Soviet Union, was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined British Military Intelligence (MI6) during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, and defected to the Soviet Union when discovery was inevitable in 1963.[30] Roy Thomson Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E. H. Carr was assistant editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials.[31] In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a Times leader sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and the article in a speech to the House of Commons.[32] As a result of Carr's editorial, The Times became popularly known during that stage of World War II as "the threepenny Daily Worker" (the price of the Communist Party's Daily Worker being one penny).[33] On 3 May 1966, it resumed printing news on the front page – previously the front page had been given over to small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society. Also in 1966, the Royal Arms, which had been a feature of the newspaper's masthead since its inception, was abandoned.[34][35] In the same year, members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson. His Thomson Corporation brought it under the same ownership as The Sunday Times to form Times Newspapers Limited.[36] An industrial dispute prompted the management to shut the paper for nearly a year from 1 December 1978 to 12 November 1979.[37] The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 energy crisis and union demands. Management sought a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, and had the resources and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.[citation needed] Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit, Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch.[38] Robert Holmes à Court, another Australian magnate had previously tried to buy The Times in 1980.[39] From 1981 Frontpage weekly magazine The Times, 15 May 1940, with headline: "The old prime minister and the new". In 1981, The Times and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International.[40] The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators John Collier and Bill O'Neill. Murdoch gave legal undertakings to maintain separate journalism resources for the two titles.[41] The Royal Arms was reintroduced to the masthead at about this time, but whereas previously it had been that of the reigning monarch, it would now be that of the House of Hanover, who were on the throne when the newspaper was founded.[35] After 14 years as editor, William Rees-Mogg resigned upon completion of the change of ownership.[40] Murdoch began to make his mark on the paper by appointing Harold Evans as his replacement.[42] One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. Between March 1981 and May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metal Linotype printing process used to print The Times since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition. This allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times to be reduced by half. However, direct input of text by journalists ("single-stroke" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until the Wapping dispute of 1986, when The Times moved from New Printing House Square in Gray's Inn Road (near Fleet Street) to new offices in Wapping.[43][44] Robert Fisk,[45] seven times British International Journalist of the Year,[46] resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the paper's pro-Israel stance.[47] In June 1990, The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles ("Mr", "Mrs", or "Miss" prefixes) for living persons before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. In 1992, it accepted the use of "Ms" for unmarried women "if they express a preference."[48] In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes.[49] Over the next year, the broadsheet edition was withdrawn from Northern Ireland, Scotland, and the West Country. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.[50] On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. According to its leading article "From Our Own Correspondents", the reason for removal of full postal addresses was to fit more letters onto the page.[51] In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.[52] In May 2008, printing of The Times switched from Wapping to new plants at Waltham Cross in Hertfordshire, and Merseyside and Glasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.[53] On 26 July 2012, to coincide with the official start of the London 2012 Olympics and the issuing of a series of souvenir front covers, The Times added the suffix "of London" to its masthead.[citation needed] In March 2016, the paper dropped its rolling digital coverage for a series of 'editions' of the paper at 9am, midday and 5pm on weekdays.[54] The change also saw a redesign for the paper's app for smartphones and tablets.[55] In April 2018, IPSO upheld a complaint against The Times for its report of a court hearing in a Tower Hamlets fostering case.[56] In April 2019, culture secretary Jeremy Wright said he was minded to allow a request by News UK to relax the legal undertakings given in 1981 to maintain separate journalism resources for The Times and The Sunday Times.[41][57] In 2019, IPSO upheld complaints against The Times over their article "GPS data shows container visited trafficking hotspot",[58] and for three articles as part of a series on pollution in Britain's waterways – "No river safe for bathing", "Filthy Business" and "Behind the story".[56] IPSO also upheld complaints in 2019 against articles headlined "Funding secret of scientists against hunt trophy ban",[59] and "Britons lose out to rush of foreign medical students".[60] Content The Times features news for the first half of the paper; the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section with world news normally following this. The business pages begin on the centre spread, and are followed by The Register, containing obituaries, a Court & Social section, and related material. The sport section is at the end of the main paper. In April 2016, the cover price of The Times became £1.40 on weekdays and £1.50 on Saturdays.[61] Times2 The Times' main supplement, every day, is the times2, featuring various columns.[62][63] It was discontinued in early March 2010,[64][65] but reintroduced on 12 October 2010 after discontinuation was criticised.[66] Its regular features include a puzzles section called Mind Games. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which it was called T2 and previously Times 2.[66] The supplement contains arts and lifestyle features, TV and radio listings, and theatre reviews. The newspaper employs Richard Morrison as its classical music critic.[67] The Game The Game is included in the newspaper on Mondays, and details all the weekend's football activity (Premier League and Football League Championship, League One and League Two.) The Scottish edition of The Game also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games. During the FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euros there is a daily supplement of The Game.[68] Saturday supplements The Saturday edition of The Times contains a variety of supplements. These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as: Sport, Saturday Review (arts, books, TV listings and ideas), Weekend (including travel and lifestyle features), Playlist (an entertainment listings guide) and The Times Magazine (columns on various topics).[69] The Times Magazine The Times Magazine features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and gardens or simply writers' anecdotes. Notable contributors include Giles Coren, Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005 and Nadiya Hussain, winner of The Great British Bake Off.[70] Online presence "The Times Online" redirects here. For the online version of The Beaver County Times, see The Beaver County Times. The Times and The Sunday Times have had an online presence since 1996, originally at the-times.co.uk and sunday-times.co.uk, and later at timesonline.co.uk. There are now two websites: thetimes.co.uk is aimed at daily readers, and the thesundaytimes.co.uk site at providing weekly magazine-like content. There are also iPad and Android editions of both newspapers. Since July 2010, News UK has required readers who do not subscribe to the print edition to pay £2 per week to read The Times and The Sunday Times online.[71] Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million.[72] In April 2009, the timesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day.[73] In October 2011, there were around 111,000 subscribers to The Times' digital products.[74] A Reuters Institute survey in 2021 put the number of digital subscribers at around 400,000, and ranked The Times as having the sixth highest trust rating out of 13 different outlets polled.[75] The Times Digital Archive is available by subscription. Ownership The Times has had the following eight owners since its foundation in 1785:[76]     1785 to 1803 – John Walter     1803 to 1847 – John Walter, 2nd     1847 to 1894 – John Walter, 3rd     1894 to 1908 – Arthur Fraser Walter     1908 to 1922 – Lord Northcliffe     1922 to 1966 – Astor family     1966 to 1981 – Roy Thomson     1981 to present – News UK (formerly News International, a wholly owned subsidiary of News Corp, run by Rupert Murdoch)[77][78]     John Walter, the founder of The Times     John Walter, the founder of The Times     John Walter, 2nd     John Walter, 2nd     John Walter, 3rd     John Walter, 3rd     Lord Northcliffe     Lord Northcliffe     Roy Thomson     Roy Thomson     Rupert Murdoch     Rupert Murdoch Readership At the time of Harold Evans' appointment as editor in 1981, The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies in comparison to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival The Daily Telegraph.[42] By November 2005, The Times sold an average of 691,283 copies per day, the second-highest of any British "quality" newspaper (after The Daily Telegraph, which had a circulation of 903,405 copies in the period), and the highest in terms of full-rate sales.[79] By March 2014, average daily circulation of The Times had fallen to 394,448 copies,[80] compared to The Daily Telegraph's 523,048,[81] with the two retaining respectively the second-highest and highest circulations among British "quality" newspapers. In contrast The Sun, the highest-selling "tabloid" daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, sold an average of 2,069,809 copies in March 2014,[82] and the Daily Mail, the highest-selling "middle market" British daily newspaper, sold an average of 1,708,006 copies in the period.[83] The Sunday Times has a significantly higher circulation than The Times, and sometimes outsells The Sunday Telegraph. In January 2019, The Times had a circulation of 417,298[84] and The Sunday Times 712,291.[84] In a 2009 national readership survey, The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers.[85] Typeface The Times is the originator of the widely used Times New Roman typeface, originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with Monotype Imaging for its legibility in low-tech printing. In November 2006, The Times began printing headlines in a new typeface, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport. The Sunday Times remains a broadsheet.     [T]he various typefaces used before the introduction (The) Times New Roman [sic] didn't really have a formal name.     They were a suite of types originally made by Miller and Co. (later Miller & Richards) in Edinburgh around 1813, generally referred to as "modern". When The Times began using Monotype (and other hot-metal machines) in 1908, this design was remade by Monotype for its equipment. As near as I can tell, it looks like Monotype Series no. 1 – Modern (which was based on a Miller & Richards typeface) – was what was used up until 1932.     — Dan Rhatigan, type director[86] An example of the Times New Roman typeface In 1908, The Times started using the Monotype Modern typeface.[87] The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931.[88] It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated.[89] The typeface was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older typeface named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. Times New Roman made its debut in the issue of 3 October 1932.[90] After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch typeface five times since 1972. However, all the new typeface have been variants of the original New Roman type:     Times Europa was designed by Walter Tracy in 1972 for The Times, as a sturdier alternative to the Times font family, designed for the demands of faster printing presses and cheaper paper. The typeface features more open counter spaces.[91]     Times Roman replaced Times Europa on 30 August 1982.[92]     Times Millennium was made in 1991,[92] drawn by Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind Patel, composing manager of News International.     Times Classic first appeared in 2001.[93] Designed as an economical face by the British type team of Dave Farey and Richard Dawson, it took advantage of the new PC-based publishing system at the newspaper, while obviating the production shortcomings of its predecessor Times Millennium. The new typeface included 120 letters per font. Initially the family comprised ten fonts, but a condensed version was added in 2004.[94]     Times Modern was unveiled on 20 November 2006, as the successor of Times Classic.[92] Designed for improving legibility in smaller font sizes, it uses 45-degree angled bracket serifs. The typeface was published by Elsner + Flake as EF Times Modern; it was designed by Research Studios, led by Ben Preston (deputy editor of The Times) and designer Neville Brody.[95] Political alignment Historically, the paper was not overtly pro-Tory or Whig, but has been a long time bastion of the British Establishment and empire. In 1959, the historian of journalism Allan Nevins analysed the importance of The Times in shaping the views of events of London's elite, writing:     For much more than a century The Times has been an integral and important part of the political structure of Great Britain. Its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its whole emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in close touch with 10 Downing Street.[96] The Times adopted a stance described as "peculiarly detached" at the 1945 general election; although it was increasingly critical of the Conservative Party's campaign, it did not advocate a vote for any one party.[97] However, the newspaper reverted to the Conservatives for the next election five years later. It supported the Conservatives for the subsequent three elections, followed by support for both the Conservatives and the Liberal Party for the next five elections, expressly supporting a Con–Lib coalition in 1974. The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 1997, when it declined to make any party endorsement but supported individual (primarily Eurosceptic) candidates.[98] For the 2001 general election, The Times declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide (although not as large as in 1997). It supported Labour again in 2005, when Labour achieved a third successive win, though with a reduced majority.[99] In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, and 26% for Labour.[100] For the 2010 general election, the newspaper declared its support for the Conservatives once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority.[101] Its changes in political alignment make it the most varied newspaper in terms of political support in British history.[101] Some columnists in The Times are connected to the Conservative Party such as Daniel Finkelstein, Tim Montgomerie, Matthew Parris, and Matt Ridley, but there are also columnists connected to the Labour Party such as David Aaronovitch and Jenni Russell.[102] The Times occasionally makes endorsements for foreign elections. In November 2012, it endorsed a second term for Democrat Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy.[103] During the 2019 Conservative leadership election, The Times endorsed Boris Johnson,[104] and subsequently endorsed the Conservative Party in the general election of that year.[105] In 2022 Tony Gallagher was appointed to replace John Witherow, who had served nine years as editor. A former Sun editor, Gallagher enthusiastically backed Brexit during the 2016 EU referendum. According to The Guardian, "The Times’ readership is split politically, with journalists at the outlet speculating on how Gallagher will shape the paper’s editorial line as the prospect of a Labour government becomes more likely (in 2024)."[106] Libel cases against The Times Imam Abdullah Patel In 2019, The Times published an article about Imam Abdullah Patel which wrongly claimed Patel had blamed Israel for the 2003 murder of a British police officer by a terror suspect in Manchester. The story also wrongly claimed that Patel ran a primary school that had been criticised by Ofsted for segregating parents at events, which Ofsted said was contrary to "British democratic principles". The Times settled Patel's defamation claim by issuing an apology and offering to pay damages and legal costs. Patel's solicitor, Zillur Rahman, said the case "highlights the shocking level of journalism to which the Muslim community are often subject".[107] Sultan Choudhury In 2019, The Times published an article titled "Female Circumcision is like clipping a nail, claimed speaker". The article featured a photo of Sultan Choudhury beside the headline, leading some readers to incorrectly infer that Choudhury had made the comment. Choudhury lodged a complaint with the Independent Press Standards Organisation and sued The Times for libel. In 2020, The Times issued an apology, amended its article and agreed to pay Choudhury damages and legal costs. Choudhury's solicitor, Nishtar Saleem, said "This is another example of irresponsible journalism. Publishing sensational excerpts on a 'free site' whilst concealing the full article behind a paywall is a dangerous game".[108] Cage See also: Cage (organisation) In December 2020, Cage and Moazzam Begg received damages of £30,000 plus costs in a libel case they had brought against The Times newspaper. In June 2020, a report in The Times had suggested that Cage and Begg were supporting a man who had been arrested in relation to a knife attack in Reading in which three men were murdered. The Times report also suggested that Cage and Begg were excusing the actions of the accused man by mentioning mistakes made by the police and others. In addition to paying damages, The Times printed an apology. Cage stated that the damages amount would be used to "expose state-sponsored Islamophobia and those complicit with it in the press. ... The Murdoch press empire has actively supported xenophobic elements and undermined principles of open society and accountability. ... We will continue to shine a light on war criminals and torture apologists and press barons who fan the flames of hate".[109][110][111] Sponsorships The Times, along with the British Film Institute, sponsors "The Times" bfi London Film Festival.[112] It also sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House, London.[113] Editors Name[14]     Tenure John Walter     1785 to 1803 John Walter, Jnr     1803 to 1812 Sir John Stoddart     1812 to 1816 Thomas Barnes     1817 to 1841 John Thadeus Delane     1841 to 1877 Thomas Chenery     1877 to 1884 George Earle Buckle     1884 to 1912 George Geoffrey Dawson     1912 to 1919 George Sydney Freeman     1919 (two-month 'inter-regnum')[114] Henry Wickham Steed     1919 to 1922 George Geoffrey Dawson     1923 to 1941 Robert McGowan Barrington-Ward     1941 to 1948 William Francis Casey     1948 to 1952 Sir William John Haley     1952 to 1966 William Rees-Mogg     1967 to 1981 Harold Evans     1981 to 1982 Charles Douglas-Home     1982 to 1985 Charles Wilson     1985 to 1990 Simon Jenkins     1990 to 1992 Peter Stothard     1992 to 2002 Robert Thomson     2002 to 2007 James Harding     2007 to 2012 John Witherow     2013 to 2022 Tony Gallagher     2022 to date Related publications An Irish digital edition of the paper was launched in September 2015 at TheTimes.ie.[115][116] A print edition was launched in June 2017, replacing the international edition previously distributed in Ireland.[117] The Irish edition was set to close in June 2019 with the loss of 20 jobs.[118] The Times Literary Supplement (TLS) first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times, becoming a separately paid-for weekly literature and society magazine in 1914.[119] The TLS is owned and published by News International and co-operates closely with The Times, with its online version hosted on The Times website, and its editorial offices based in 1 London Bridge Street, London.[120] Between 1951 and 1966, The Times published a separately paid-for quarterly science review, The Times Science Review.[citation needed] The Times started a new, free, monthly science magazine, Eureka, in October 2009.[121] The magazine closed in October 2012.[122] Times Atlases have been produced since 1895. They are currently produced by the Collins Bartholomew imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. The flagship product is The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World.[123] In 1971, The Times began publishing the Times Higher Education Supplement (now known as the Times Higher Education) which focuses its coverage on tertiary education.[124] In popular culture In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into an organ of the totalitarian ruling party.[125] The book's lead character Winston Smith is employed in the task of rewriting past issues of the newspaper for the Ministry of Truth.[126] Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.[127][128] In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: The Times was "the only paper that Bond ever read."[129] See also     Journalism portaliconLondon portal     History of journalism in the United Kingdom     List of the oldest newspapers References [1]. "The Times", 11 December 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2023. Tobitt, Charlotte; Majid, Aisha (25 January 2023). "National press ABCs: December distribution dive for freesheets Standard and City AM". Press Gazette. Retrieved 15 February 2023. "Full History of the Times Newspaper". 13 November 2019. Christina Schaeffner, ed. (2009). Political Discourse, Media and Translation. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 9781443817936. "With regard to political affiliation The Daily Telegraph is a right-wing paper, The Times centre-right, The Financial Times centre-right and liberal, and The Guardian centre-left." "London Times: "Caster Semenya and the middle sex" | OII Australia – Intersex Australia". Oii.org.au. 20 November 2009. 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Liverpool Science Fiction Texts and Studies. Liverpool University Press. p. 233. ISBN 9781781384398. Lynskey, Dorian (4 June 2019). The Ministry of Truth: The Biography of George Orwell's 1984. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-385-54406-1. Stout, Rex (12 May 2010). Murder by the Book. Random House Publishing Group. pp. vi. ISBN 978-0-307-75606-0. Stout, Rex (28 April 2010). Triple Jeopardy. Random House Publishing Group. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-307-75630-5.     Mullan, John (28 December 2002). "Licence to sell". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 July 2012. Further reading     Bingham, Adrian. "The Times Digital Archive, 1785–2006 (Gale Cengage)," English Historical Review (2013) 128#533 pp. 1037–1040. doi:10.1093/ehr/cet144     Evans, Harold (1983). Good Times, Bad Times. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-78295-9. - includes sections of black-and-white photographic plates, plus a few charts and diagrams in text pages.     Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp. 320–29.     Morison, Stanley. The History of the Times: Volume 1: The Thunderer" in the Making 1785–1841. Volume 2: The Tradition Established 1841–1884. Volume 3: The Twentieth Century Test 1884–1912. Volume 4 [published in two parts]:The 150th Anniversary and Beyond 1912–1948. (1952)     Riggs, Bruce Timothy. "Geoffrey Dawson, editor of "The Times" (London), and his contribution to the appeasement movement" (PhD dissertation, U of North Texas, 1993) online, bibliography pp 229–33. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Times. Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Times Wikiquote has quotations related to The Times.     Times (London, England) Collection at the Harry Ransom Center     Official website (Mobile)     Today's The Times front page at the Freedom Forum website     Works by or about The Times at Internet Archive (archives)     Works by The Times at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)     Anthony Trollope's satire on the mid-nineteenth century Times     Journalism Now: The Times Winchester University Journalism History project on The Times in the 19th century     Times World Atlases official website including a History and Heritage section detailing landmark Times atlases     Archive from 1785 to 2008 – full text and original layout, searchable (not free of charge, registration required)     Neil, Andrew; Griffiths, Ian; Fitzpatrick, Barry (15 January 2006). "Three views of the industrial dispute twenty years on". The Observer. UK.     The Times editor Robert Thomson lecture online: From the editorial desk of The Times, RMIT School of Applied Communication Public Lecture series     vte The Times and The Sunday Times Editors of The Times         1785: John Walter 1803: John Walter, 2nd 1812: John Stoddart 1817: Thomas Barnes 1841: John Thadeus Delane 1877: Thomas Chenery 1884: George Earle Buckle 1912: Geoffrey Dawson 1919: George Sydney Freeman 1919: Wickham Steed 1923: Geoffrey Dawson 1941: Robert Barrington-Ward 1948: William Francis Casey 1952: William Haley 1967: William Rees-Mogg 1981: Harold Evans 1982: Charles Douglas-Home 1985: Charles Wilson 1990: Simon Jenkins 1992: Peter Stothard 2002: Robert Thomson 2007: James Harding 2013: John Witherow 2022: Tony Gallagher Editors of The Sunday Times         1821: Henry White 1822: Daniel Whittle Harvey 1824: Clarkson 1828: Thomas Gaspey 1835: Unknown 1850: Edward Tyrrel Smith 1858: E. W. Scale 1867: Edmund Scale 1874: Joseph Hatton 1881: Neville Bruce 1887: Phil Robinson 1890: Arthur William à Beckett 1893: Rachel Beer 1901: Leonard Rees 1932: William W. Hadley 1950: Harry Hodson 1961: Denis Hamilton 1967: Harold Evans 1981: Frank Giles 1983: Andrew Neil 1995: John Witherow 2013: Martin Ivens 2020: Emma Tucker 2023: Ben Taylor First published in The Times         "The Darkling Thrush" Harcourt interpolation The Mysterious Affair at Styles "Ode of Remembrance" The Secret Adversary Related publications         Times Atlas of the World TES (magazine) Times Higher Education The Times Literary Supplement The Times Science Review Times Top 100 Graduate Employers Other         News UK Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd Walter v Lane Times New Roman Wapping dispute     Category     vte News UK Newspapers     Daily         The Sun (1969) The Times (1981) Former Daily         Today (1987–1995) Sunday         The Sunday Times (1981) The Sun on Sunday (2012) Former Sunday         News of the World (1969–2011) Sunday Today (1987) Regional         The London Paper (2006–2009)      Magazine         The Times Literary Supplement (1981) Radio     Wireless Group (2016)         TalkRadio Talksport Times Radio Virgin Radio UK Television         TalkTV (2022)     vte Media in the United Kingdom UK national newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals Newspapers (History, Circulation)     Broadsheet         Financial Times The Daily Telegraph The Sunday Telegraph The Sunday Times Compact         i The Times The Guardian The Observer Middle-market         Daily Express Daily Mail The Mail on Sunday Tabloid         Daily Mirror Sunday Mirror Morning Star The Sunday People Daily Star Daily Star Sunday The Sun Sunday Sport Weekend Sport Midweek Sport Magazines and other periodicals         List of magazines in the United Kingdom List of magazines by circulation Radio in the UK National stations     BBC         BBC Radio 1     BBC Radio 1Xtra     BBC Radio 2     BBC Radio 3     BBC Radio 4     BBC Radio 4 Extra     BBC Radio 5 Live     BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra     BBC Radio 6 Music     BBC Asian Network     BBC World Service     BBC National DAB (multiplex) Independent / commercial         Absolute Radio Network     BFBS Radio     Classic FM     Capital     Digital One (multiplex)     Gold     Greatest Hits Radio     Heart     Hits Radio     Jazz FM     Kiss Network     LBC     LBC News     Magic     Premier Christian Radio     Radio X     RNIB Connect Radio     Scala Radio     Sound Digital (multiplex)     Smooth Radio     talkSPORT     TalkRadio     Times Radio     UCB UK     Virgin Radio UK Regional and local stations     BBC         List of BBC Local Radio stations     BBC Radio Scotland     BBC Radio nan Gàidheal     BBC Radio Ulster     BBC Radio Foyle     BBC Radio Wales     BBC Radio Cymru Independent / commercial         List of community radio stations List of local commercial radio stations List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations Other stations         List of hospital radio stations Pirate radio Restricted Service Licence (RSL)         List of RSL stations List of satellite radio stations List of student and schools radio Other         Broadcasting House FM broadcasting Dock10 Radio Academy         Radio Academy Awards Radio Independents Group RAJAR Most listened to programmes Television in the UK Principal channels (List)     BBC         BBC One     BBC Two     BBC Three     BBC Four     BBC News     BBC Parliament     BBC Alba     BBC Scotland     CBBC     CBeebies ITV         ITV1/STV/UTV     ITV2     ITV3     ITV4     ITVBe     CITV Channel 4/S4C         Channel 4     S4C     E4     E4 Extra     Film4     More4     4seven     4Music     The Box     Kiss TV     Magic TV     Kerrang! 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Discovery EMEA Resources         Arqiva List of largest UK book publishers Government and regulatory bodies         Advertising Standards Authority BBC Board (formerly: BBC Trust Board of Governors of the BBC) British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute Culture, Media, and Sport Select Committee Department for Culture, Media and Sport Independent Press Standards Organisation Ofcom Press Recognition Panel S4C Authority Industry and trades bodies         British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Phonographic Industry Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union Clearcast Digital TV Group Equity Everyone TV Federation Against Copyright Theft Independent Publishers Guild National Union of Journalists The Publishers Association Royal Television Society United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting Other         BBC Academy National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum Regional and student media Regional media         Media in England         Birmingham London Manchester Media in Scotland         Aberdeen Dundee Glasgow Media in Wales         Cardiff Student media         Student television Student press     Category Authority control Edit this at Wikidata International         VIAF         2 National         Israel Artists         Museum of Modern Art Other         MusicBrainz label Categories:     The TimesCentre-right newspapersConservative media in the United KingdomNational newspapers published in the United KingdomNewspapers published in LondonNews Corporation subsidiariesNewspapers established in 17851785 establishments in England1785 establishments in Great BritainDaily newspapers published in the United Kingdom  A millennium (plural millennia or millenniums) is a period of one thousand years,[1] sometimes called a kiloannum (ka), or kiloyear (ky). Normally, the word is used specifically for periods of a thousand years that begin at the starting point (initial reference point) of the calendar in consideration (typically the year "1") and at later years that are whole number multiples of a thousand years after the start point. The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Millennia sometimes have religious or theological implications (see millenarianism). The word millennium derives from the Latin mille, thousand, and annus, year.[2] Debate over millennium celebrations All aboard for the millennium! by Opper and Keppler, 1896 There was a public debate leading up to the celebrations of the year 2000 as to whether the beginning of that year should be understood as the beginning of the "new" millennium. Historically, there has been debate around the turn of previous decades, centuries, and millennia. The issue arises from the difference between the convention of using ordinal numbers to count years and millennia, as in "the third millennium", or using a vernacular description, as in "the two thousands". The difference of opinion comes down to whether to celebrate, respectively, the end or the beginning of the "-000" year. The first convention is common in English-speaking countries, but the latter is favoured in, for example, Sweden (tvåtusentalet, which translates literally as the two thousands period). Those holding that the arrival of the new millennium should be celebrated in the transition from 2000 to 2001 (i.e., December 31, 2000, to January 1, 2001) argued that the Anno Domini system of counting years began with the year 1 (There was no year zero) and therefore the first millennium was from the year 1 to the end of the year 1000, the second millennium from 1001 to the end of 2000, and the third millennium beginning with 2001 and ending at the end of 3000. Similarly, the first millennium BC was from the year 1000 BC to the end of the year 1 BC. Popular culture supported celebrating the arrival of the new millennium in the transition from 1999 to 2000 (i.e., December 31, 1999, to January 1, 2000), in that the change of the hundreds digit in the year number, with the zeroes rolling over, is consistent with the vernacular demarcation of decades by their 'tens' digit (e.g. naming the period 1980 to 1989 as "the 1980s" or "the eighties"). This has been described as "the odometer effect".[3] Also, the "year 2000" had been a popular phrase referring to an often utopian future, or a year when stories in such a future were set. There was also media and public interest in the Y2K computer bug. A third position was expressed by Bill Paupe, honorary consul for Kiribati: "To me, I just don't see what all the hoopla is about ... it's not going to change anything. The next day the sun is going to come up again and then it will all be forgotten."[4] And even for those who did celebrate, in astronomical terms, there was nothing special about this particular event.[5] Stephen Jay Gould, in his essay Dousing Diminutive Dennis' Debate (or DDDD = 2000) (Dinosaur in a Haystack), discussed the "high" versus "pop" culture interpretation of the transition. Gould noted that the high culture, strict construction had been the dominant viewpoint at the 20th century's beginning, but that the pop culture viewpoint dominated at its end.[6] The start of the 21st century and 3rd millennium was celebrated worldwide at the start of the year 2000. One year later, at the start of the year 2001, the celebrations had largely returned to the usual ringing in of just another new year,[7] although some welcomed "the real millennium", including America's official timekeeper, the U.S. Naval Observatory,[8] and the countries of Cuba[9] and Japan.[10] The popular[11] approach was to treat the end of 1999 as the end of "a millennium" and to hold millennium celebrations at midnight between December 31, 1999, and January 1, 2000, with the cultural and psychological significance of the events listed above combining to cause celebrations to be observed one year earlier than the formal date.[11] See also     List of calendars     List of decades, centuries, and millennia     Century     Millennialism     Millennium Dome     Millennials References "Millennium", Oxford Dictionaries (Oxford University Press, 2016). von Harnack, Carl Gustav Adolf (1911). "Millennium" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 461. "For the Chronologically Correct, Now It's Time for the Millennium". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 2000. Retrieved April 12, 2021. "Millennium: Date Line Politics". WaybackMachine. Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. Retrieved February 6, 2021. "When Did the 21st Century Start?". timeanddate.com. Retrieved February 7, 2021. Gould, Stephen (1995). Dinosaur in a Haystack. Harmony Books. "Millennium Gets Little Notice". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 24, 2021. "For the Chronologically Correct, Now It's Time for the Millennium". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2020. "Castro hosts party for the 'true Millennium'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2020. "Japanese purists prepare to welcome new millennium". DeseretNews. December 15, 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2020.     Associated Press, "Y2K It Wasn't, but It Was a Party", Los Angeles Times, January 1, 2001. External links     The dictionary definition of millennia at Wiktionary     The dictionary definition of millennium at Wiktionary     Media related to Millennium at Wikimedia Commons     Quotations related to Millennium at Wikiquote     vte Millennia CE / AD         1st 2nd 3rd 4th and later BCE / BC         1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th and earlier     vte Time measurement and standards     Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards         Coordinated Universal Time         offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31-1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line IERS Reference Meridian Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian      template illustration template illustration Obsolete standards         Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics         Absolute space and time Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T-symmetry Horology         Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch         stopwatch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar         Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Holocene Islamic (lunar Hijri) Julian Solar Hijri Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Intercalation Julian date Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology         Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology         Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time         Instant Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics         Chronology Duration         music Mental chronometry Decimal time Metric time System time Time metrology Time value of money Timekeeper Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata         Germany Categories:     Units of timeMillenniaChronology1000 (number) 21st century     Article     Talk     Read     Edit     View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For a timeline of 21st-century events, see Timeline of the 21st century. For other uses, see 21st century (disambiguation). Millennium 3rd millennium Centuries     20th century 21st century 22nd century Timelines     20th century 21st century 22nd century State leaders     20th century 21st century 22nd century Decades     2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s     2050s 2060s 2070s 2080s 2090s Categories: Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments     vte The 21st (twenty-first) century is the current century in the Anno Domini or Common Era, under the Gregorian calendar. It began on 1 January 2001 (MMI) and will end on 31 December 2100 (MMC).[1] The rise of a global economy and Third World consumerism marked the beginning of the century, along with increased private enterprise and deepening global concern over terrorism after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.[2][3][4] The NATO interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq in the early 2000s, and the overthrow of several regimes during the Arab Spring in the early 2010s, led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world, resulting in several civil wars and political instability.[5] The United States has remained the sole global superpower while China is now considered an emerging superpower. In 2022, 45.3% of the world's population lived in "some form of democracy", though only 8% lived in "full democracies".[6] The United Nations estimates that by 2050, two thirds of the world's population will be urbanized. The European Union was greatly expanded in the 21st century, adding 13 member states, but the United Kingdom withdrew. Most European Union member states introduced a common currency, the Euro. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was also greatly expanded, adding 11 member states. The world economy expanded at high rates from $42.29 trillion in 2000 to $94.10 trillion in 2021, although many economies rose at greater levels, some gradually contracted.[a] Effects of global warming and rising sea levels exacerbated the ecological crises, with eight islands disappearing between 2007 and 2014.[7][8][9] In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began to rapidly spread worldwide, killing over 6.9 million people around the globe and causing severe global economic disruption, including the largest global recession since the Great Depression. Due to the sudden proliferation of internet-accessible mobile devices, such as smartphones becoming ubiquitous worldwide beginning in the early 2010s, more than half of the world's population obtained access to the Internet by 2018.[10] After the success of the Human Genome Project, DNA sequencing services became available and affordable.[11][12] Pronunciation There is a lack of general agreement over how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. Academics have pointed out that the early years of previous centuries were commonly pronounced as, for example, "eighteen oh five" (for 1805) and "nineteen oh five" (for 1905).[13] Generally, the early years of the 21st century were pronounced as in "two-thousand (and) five", with a change taking place around 2010, when pronunciations often shifted between the early-years form of "two-thousand and ten" and the traditionally more concise form of "twenty-ten". The Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as "the twenty-ten Olympics". Society Shanghai has become a symbol of the recent economic boom of China. Advances in technology such as ultrasound, prenatal genetic testing and genetic engineering are changing the demographics and has the potential to change the genetic makeup of the human population. Because of sex-selective abortion, fewer girls have been born in the 21st century (and since the early 1980s) compared to past centuries, mostly because of son preference in East and South Asia. In 2014, only 47 percent of Indian births were of girls.[14] This has led to an increase in bachelors in countries such as China and India. The first genetically modified children were born in November 2018 in China, beginning a new biological era for the human species and raising great controversy. Anxiety[15] and depression[16] rates have risen in the United States and many other parts of the world. However, suicide rates have fallen in Europe and most of the rest of the world so far this century, declining 29% globally between 2000 and 2018, despite rising 18% in the United States in the same period. The decline in suicide has been most notable among Chinese and Indian women, the elderly, and middle-aged Russian men.[17][18] Knowledge and information The entire written works of humanity, from the beginning of recorded history to 2003, in all known languages, are estimated to be at five exabytes of data.[19][20] Since 2003, with the beginning of social media and "user-generated content", the same amount of data is created every two days.[21] The growth of human knowledge and information continues at an exponential rate. Telecommunications in the early 21st century are much more advanced and universal than they were in the late 20th century. Only a few percent of the world's population were Internet users and cellular phone owners in the late 1990s; as of 2023, 64.4% of the world's population is online, and as of 2019, an estimated 67% own a cell phone.[22] In the 2010s, artificial intelligence, mainly in the form of deep learning and machine learning, became more prevalent and is prominently used in Gmail and Google's search engine, in banking, with the military and other areas. In 2020, 9% of the world's population still lacked access to electricity.[23] India's Prayag Kumbh Mela is regarded as the world's largest religious festival. In 2001, Dennis Tito became the first space tourist, beginning the era of commercial spaceflight. Entrepreneurs Elon Musk and Richard Branson are working towards commercial space exploration, colonization and tourism, while China and India have made substantial strides in their space programs. On 3 January 2019, China landed a robotic spacecraft on the far side of the Moon, the first to do so.[24] Culture and politics Further information: International relations since 1989 War and violence have declined considerably compared to the 20th century, continuing the post-World War II trend called Long Peace. Malnourishment and poverty are still widespread globally, but fewer people live in the most extreme forms of poverty. In 1990, approximately one-in-four people were malnourished, and nearly 36% of the world's population lived in extreme poverty; by 2015, these numbers had dropped to approximately one-in-eight and 10%, respectively. The Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal drew international attention to the possible adverse effects of social media in influencing citizen's views, particularly regarding the 2016 United States presidential election. Population and urbanization The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and reached 8 billion by November 2022. It is estimated to reach nearly 8.6 billion by 2030,[25] and 9.8 billion by 2050. According to the United Nations World Urbanization prospects, a 60% projection of the world's human population is to live in megacities and megalopolises by 2030, 70% by 2050, and 90% by 2080. It is expected by 2040, the investing of more than 5 times the current global gross domestic product is expected to be in urban infrastructure.[26] Life expectancy has increased as child mortality continues to decline. A baby born in 2019, for example, will, on average (globally), live to 73 years—27 years longer than the global average of someone born in 1950.[27] Ten million Britons (16% of the United Kingdom population) will, on average, live to 100 or older.[28] Climate change remains a serious concern; UN Chief António Guterres, for instance, has described it as an "existential threat" to humanity.[29] Furthermore, the Holocene extinction event, the sixth most significant extinction event in the Earth's history, continues with the widespread degradation of highly biodiverse habitats as a by-product of human activity.[30] A map of uncontacted tribes, around the start of the 21st century Economics, education and retirement Economically and politically, the United States and Western Europe were dominant at the beginning of the century; by the 2010s, China became an emerging global superpower and, by some measures, the world's largest economy. In terms of purchasing power parity, India's economy became more significant than Japan's around 2011.[31] Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are decentralized currencies that are not controlled by any central bank. These currencies are increasing in popularity worldwide due to the expanding availability of the internet and are mainly used as a store of value. There is an ongoing impact of technological unemployment due to automation and computerization: the rate at which jobs are disappearing—due to machines replacing them—is expected to escalate.[32] Automation alters the number of jobs and the skills demands of industries. As of 2019, the production output of first world nations' manufacturing sectors was doubled when compared to 1984 output; but it is now produced with one-third fewer workers and at significantly reduced operating costs.[33] Half of all jobs with requirements lower than a bachelor's degree are currently in the process of being replaced with partial- or full-automation.[34] The World Economic Forum forecast that 65% of children entering primary school will end up in jobs or careers that currently do not yet exist.[35] A rise in the retirement age has been called for in view of an increase in life expectancy and has been put in place in many jurisdictions.[36][37] Linguistic diversity As of 2009, Ethnologue catalogued 6,909 living human languages.[38] The exact number of known living languages will vary from 5,000 to 10,000, generally depending on the precision of one's definition of "language", and in particular, on how one classifies dialects. Estimates vary depending on many factors, but the general consensus is that there are between 6,000 and 7,000 languages currently spoken. Between 50 and 90% of those will have become extinct by the year 2100.[39] The top 20 languages spoken by more than 50 million speakers each, are spoken by 50% of the world's population. In contrast, many of the other languages are spoken by small communities, most of them with fewer than 10,000 speakers.[39] Events Main article: Timeline of the 21st century 2000s Belligerents of the Second Congo War George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the United States, from 2001 to 2009 September 11 attacks Angela Merkel and José Manuel Barroso Barack Obama, the first African-American president of the United States, and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev after signing the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Death and funeral of Corazon Aquino     1998–2003 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A 1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, MONUC, was unable to control the fighting. Troops from Rwanda and Uganda continued to support rebel groups against the Democratic Republic of the Congo and rifts also grew between Rwanda and Uganda as they accused each other of supporting rival rebel groups as well. Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country. On December 17, 2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, where there is still significant infighting. In addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, and led to a widespread and ongoing famine that continues to result in deaths. Severe human rights violations continue to be reported.[40]     2000–2005 – The Second Intifada, a major Palestinian uprising against Israel, is estimated to have led to the deaths of approximately 3,000 Palestinians and 1,000 Israelis.     2001         January 20:             George W. Bush is inaugurated as the 43rd president of the United States. He is the second president from the Bush family, after his father.             Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo becomes the second woman President of the Philippines and the first to be the child of a previous President, Diosdado Macapagal.         April 1 – The Netherlands becomes the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage.         May 13 – Conservative media magnate Silvio Berlusconi wins the general election in Italy, becoming the country's Prime Minister. Berlusconi would go on to dominate Italian politics for the rest of the decade.         June 1 – The Nepalese royal massacre occurs at a house on the grounds of the Narayanhity Royal Palace, the residence of the Nepalese monarchy. Ten members of the family were killed during a party or monthly reunion dinner of the royal family in the house. The dead included King Birendra of Nepal and Queen Aishwarya.         July 20–22 – More than 200,000 anti-globalization protesters march in Genoa, during the 27th G8 summit. Two demonstrators are killed by the Italian police. On July 21, a group of Carabinieri attacked the school Armando Diaz, critically injuring many peaceful protesters. Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi insisted that police used the minimum amount of force necessary to achieve their goals.         September 11 – September 11 attacks – Nineteen al-Qaeda terrorists hijack four commercial airliners and crash two of them into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon and one into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania of the United States on 11 September, killing nearly 3,000 people. The president George W. Bush subsequently declares the War on Terror.         December 11 – After 15 years of negotiations, the People's Republic of China becomes a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).     2001–2014 – The Northern Alliance and NATO-led ISAF invades Afghanistan on October 7, 2001, and overthrows the Al-Qaeda-supportive Taliban government. Troops remained to install a democratic government, fight a slowly escalating insurgency, and to hunt for Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden who would be killed by American troops nearly 10 years later, on May 2, 2011. On December 24, 2014, NATO forces officially ended combat operations in Afghanistan, but forces remained until August 30, 2021, followed by a quick withdrawal of all troops.     2002         May 20 – After a long period of occupation by Indonesia, East Timor's independence is recognized by Portugal and the UN.         July 1 – The International Criminal Court (ICC) is established.         September 10 – Switzerland, a neutral country, becomes a member of the United Nations.         October 12 – Jemaah Islamiyah, a violent Islamist group, claims responsibility for the detonation of three bombs in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack killed 202 people and left 209 people injured.         November 15 – Hu Jintao becomes the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, making him the paramount leader of China after Jiang Zemin.     2003–present – In February 2003, a conflict in Darfur, Sudan begins and escalates into full-scale war. By 2008 it was believed that up to 400,000 people had been killed and over 2.5 million displaced. In 2005, the ICC decided that Darfur war criminals would be tried, and on July 14, 2008, Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir was charged with 5 accounts of crimes against humanity and 2 accounts of war crimes, even though the ICC had no power to enforce such charges.     2003–2010 – The U.S.-led coalition invades Iraq on March 20, 2003, and overthrows the government of Saddam Hussein (who is executed by the Iraqi government on December 30, 2006). Coalition troops remain in the country to install a democratic government and fight an escalating insurgency. In addition to an insurgency against the American presence, Iraq also suffered from a civil war for several years. The war was soon seen as the central front of the War on Terror by many governments, despite growing international dissatisfaction with the war. The total death toll has been estimated at near 150,000 but these estimations are highly disputed, with one highly disputed study guessing even over 1 million.[41] After the U.S.-led coalition initiated a troop surge in 2007, casualty numbers have decreased significantly. Combat ended, at least officially, in August 2010.     2003–2005 – A series of nonviolent revolutions known as the colour revolutions overthrow governments in Georgia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, and Lebanon.     2003         December – Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi announces that Libya would voluntarily eliminate all weapons of mass destruction.     2004         March 11 – Ten explosions occur at the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid, Spain, killing 191 people and injuring around 2,000.         May 1 – The European Union expands by 10 countries (including 8 former communist countries, plus Malta and Cyprus).         May 10 – Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is re-elected as President of the Philippines, marking the first time a woman was re-elected to the position in the country.         June 5 – Former U.S. president Ronald Reagan dies at the age of 93, after suffering nearly a decade from Alzheimer's disease.         September 1 – A group of Chechen rebels invades a school in Beslan, keeping thousands of hostages during three days. A series of shootings and bombings kills 334 people and injured 750.         November 11 – Palestinian leader and Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization Yasser Arafat dies in France, at the age of 75, from hemorrhagic stroke.         November 18 – Massachusetts becomes the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.     2005         April 19 – After the death of Pope John Paul II on April 2, Joseph Ratzinger of Germany is elected as Pope Benedict XVI.         July 7 – Four Islamic extremist suicide bombers set off three bombs in London; 56 people are killed, including the four suicide bombers.         November 22 – Angela Merkel becomes the first elected female Chancellor of Germany.     2006–2008 – The dismantling of former Yugoslavia continues after Montenegro gains independence on June 3, 2006, and Kosovo declares independence on February 17, 2008. Kosovo's independence is disputed by Russia and many of its allies and remains partially recognized to this day.     2006         July 12 – Hezbollah crosses the border of Lebanon and captures two Israeli soldiers. Israel responds by sending troops across the border and bombing Hezbollah strongholds, while Hezbollah fires missiles on towns in northern Israel, approximately 6 each day. At the end of the war 1,200 Lebanese civilians, 500 Hezbollah fighteres, 44 Israeli civilians and 121 Israeli soldiers die. A ceasefire is signed on August 14, after which Israeli troops withdrew from Lebanon.         October 9 – North Korea conducts its first nuclear test.[42] This was preceded by years of political wrangling with the U.S. over the status of their nuclear program.     2007–2008 – Nepal's centuries-old monarchy is disestablished, and the country becomes a republic.     2007         January 1 – Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union.         January 25 – A civil war escalates in the Gaza Strip throughout June, which would result in the Hamas driving most Fatah-loyal forces out from the Strip. In reaction, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas dismisses Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh and dissolves the Hamas-ruled parliament. Scattered conflict continues.         July 25 – Pratibha Patil becomes the first woman to be elected President of India.         December 13 – 27 EU member states sign the Treaty of Lisbon, with the treaty coming into effect on December 1, 2009.     2007–2008 – Crisis follows the Kenyan presidential election of 2007, leading to the formation of a coalition government, with Mwai Kibaki as president and Raila Odinga as prime minister.     2008         February 16 – Kosovo unilaterally declares independence from Serbia. Serbia refuses to recognize it and considers Kosovo as part of its territory.         April 1 – Some cadres of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) attack Senior leader of Nepali Congress, Bal Chandra Poudel, during an electoral period in Rasuwa, Nepal.         August 1–12 – An armed conflict is fought between Georgia and the Russian Federation together with Ossetian and Abkhazian separatists on the other. Russia officially recognizes independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.         November 4 – Barack Obama is elected as the first African-American president of the United States. He is sworn into office in January 20, 2009. He is awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which cited "his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples," and accepted the award the following year with "deep gratitude and great humility".     2009         June 13 – Protests erupt in Iran, following the presidential election against Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.         August 1 – Filipina politician and the first female President of the Philippines and in Asia Corazon Aquino dies at the age of 76.[43] 2010s Julia Gillard was sworn in as the first female Prime Minister of Australia in 2010. Inauguration of Benigno Aquino III Americans celebrating the death of Osama bin Laden in front of the White House Pope Francis in Poland Ukraine, Euromaidan, people protesting in favor of Ukraine's European way. Pro-Russian separatists in Donetsk, Ukraine 2015 European migrant crisis Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte Turkish anti-coup rally in support of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 22 July 2016 China's Xi Jinping has been the leader for life since 2018 Students from Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, parents, and others march in the March for Our Lives protest in Parkland, FL in 2018 Catriona Gray, Miss Universe 2018     2010         February 25 – Kamla Persad-Bissessar becomes the first female Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago.         April 10 – Polish President Lech Kaczyński dies in an airplane crash near the city of Smolensk, Russia, along with his wife and 94 other people on board.         May 10 – Benigno Simeon Aquino III is the first bachelor President of the Philippines and the second to be the child of a previous president.         June 11–July 11 – South Africa becomes the first country in Africa to host the FIFA World Cup.         June 24 – Julia Gillard becomes the first female Prime Minister of Australia.         October 3 – Dilma Rousseff is elected as the first female president of Brazil. She serves as the president until her impeachment and removal from office on August 31, 2016.         November 13 – Burmese opposition leader and 1991 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi is released from house arrest, after being incarcerated since 1989.         December 17 – The Arab Spring, a revolutionary wave, begins in Tunisia, and eventually spreads across the Middle East and the Arab world, with widespread protests, demonstrations, riots and civil wars for free elections and human rights.     2011         March 11 – The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan leave 15,899 dead.         April 29 – An estimated two billion people watch the wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey in London.         May 2 – Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, the mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks, is killed in a raid at his compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan by the U.S. Navy's SEAL Team 6 (DEVGRU).         July 10 – Britain's largest tabloid newspaper, the News of the World, shuts down after 168 years in print due to the 2009 phone hacking scandal.         July 14 – South Sudan, following the January 2011 independence referendum, becomes a member of the United Nations.         July 22 – Anders Behring Breivik perpetrates two terrorist attacks in Norway, the first being a bombing targeting government buildings in central Oslo, the second being a mass shooting at a youth camp on the island of Utøya. It was the deadliest attack in Norway since the Second World War, with 77 people killed and 319 injuries.         September 17 – The Occupy movement, an international protest movement against social and economic inequality, takes shape. It is partially inspired by the Arab Spring and is one of the first significant global protest movements to occur in the age of social media.         October 20 – Deposed dictator Muammar Gaddafi is captured and killed by the National Liberation Army of Libya, during the Libyan Civil War.         November 16 – Italy's long-term Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi resigns amid public protests, financial crisis and sexual scandals.         December 15 – The Iraq War is formally declared over.         December 17 – Kim Jong-il, supreme leader of North Korea, dies. He is succeeded by his son Kim Jong-un.     2012         January 12 – Civil unrest breaks out in Romania in January 2012, partially due to the introduction of a new health reform legislation, but also due to the unpopularity of Băsescu-backed Boc government. The unrest continues until Victor Ponta's resignation in November 2015, in the wake of the Colectiv nightclub fire.         September 11–12 – In Benghazi, Libya, an attack is coordinated against two United States government facilities, by members of the Islamic militant group Ansar al-Sharia.         November 15 – Xi Jinping becomes the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, making him the paramount leader of China after Hu Jintao.         December 10 – Séléka rebels seize power in the Central African Republic, ousting the President and government and beginning a civil war.         December 14 – The Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting takes place, the deadliest mass shooting in an elementary school in US history, with 27 deaths.         December 19 – Park Geun-hye is elected President of South Korea, the first woman to hold the position.     2013         January 11 – France intervenes with its army in the Northern Mali conflict, defeating the Islamists who had taken control of the country.         February 28 – Pope Benedict XVI resigns, becoming the first pope to do so since 1415. Benedict takes the title pope emeritus. At the subsequent papal conclave, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina is elected pope on March 13, becoming the first Latin American pope. Bergoglio takes the name of Pope Francis.         March 5 – President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez dies due to prostate cancer and is succeeded by Nicolás Maduro.         March 21 – Convicted Kurdish leader Abdullah Ocalan puts an end to the armed revolt against Turkey.         April 8 – British politician and first female Prime Minister of the UK Margaret Thatcher dies at the age of 87, from a stroke.         July 1 – Croatia becomes the 28th member of the European Union.         September 14 – Syria avoids an American intervention on its soil during the Syrian Civil War, accepting to destroy all chemical weapons stocks owned.         November – China declares an "Air Defense Identification Zone" in the East China Sea, including over the Senkaku Islands, a group of islands held by Japan, but claimed by both Japan and China, and the Socotra Rock, claimed by both China and South Korea.         December 5 – South African political and civil leader Nelson Mandela dies at the age of 95, from natural causes.         December 15 – The South Sudanese Civil War breaks out.         Iran allows international inspections on its nuclear policy in exchange of the removal of the sanctions and the right to produce a small amount of low-grade enriched uranium, thus marking an apparent new policy towards the United Nations under Hassan Rohani's presidency.     2013–2014 – A political crisis in Thailand breaks out and the government declares martial law.     2014         February 22 – Pro-Russian President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich is ousted amidst the Euromaidan revolution. The Russian Federation annexes Crimea in response, and a "low intensity" war in Donbas breaks out between the Ukrainian government and Russian-backed separatists.         May 26 – Narendra Modi becomes 14th Prime Minister of India, winning a clear majority in the election.         July 8–August 26 – In Israel, tensions rise again between Hamas in the Gaza Strip and the State of Israel. Hamas fire hundreds of missiles into civilian cities in Israel, and the IDF retaliates and conducts airstrikes on the Gaza Strip for more than a month, with high casualties on both sides.         July 17 – Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, a civilian commercial aircraft, is shot down in pro-Russian separatist-controlled territory in Eastern Ukraine.         September 18 – Scotland votes to remain part of the United Kingdom during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.         September–October – During the Syrian civil war, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant rises and seizes territories in northern Iraq and Syria, near the border with Turkey. The United States lead a coalition of more than 30 countries to destroy ISIL. Meanwhile, Russia leads its own coalition, along with Syria, Iraq and Iran, and Russia's military action begins on September 30, 2015.         October 31 – In Burkina Faso, President Blaise Compaoré resigns amidst widespread protests, ending 27 years of leadership.         November 16 – In Romania, Klaus Iohannis wins the November 2014 election, becoming the first Romanian president of an ethnic minority.         December 17 – United States President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro announce the beginning of a process of normalizing relations between Cuba and the United States, ending a 54-year stretch of hostility between the two nations. Meanwhile, on July 20, 2015, with full diplomatic relations, the embassies of both countries are opened after five decades.     2015         January 7 – Two gunmen, brothers Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, commit a mass murder at the offices of Charlie Hebdo in Paris, killing 12 people. Following the attack, about two million people, including more than 40 world leaders, met in Paris for a rally of national unity, and 3.7 million people joined demonstrations across the country. The phrase Je suis Charlie became a common slogan of support at the rallies and in social media.         March 23 – Singaporean politician and the 1st Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew dies at the age of 91.         June 26 – The Supreme Court of the United States determines that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry in a landmark case Obergefell v. Hodges.         July 14 – Iran and the P5+1 (China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US + Germany) agree on final provisions of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in regards to the latter's nuclear program.         October – The Chinese Communist Party announces the end of one-child policy after 35 years.         November 13 – ISIL claims responsibility of the November 2015 Paris attacks, which killed 137 and left 416 injured.         November 24 – Turkey shoots down a Russian Sukhoi Su-24M attack aircraft. This is the first case of a NATO member destroying a Russian aircraft since the attack on the Sui-ho Dam (during the Korean War).         November 30–December 12 – During the UN summit on Climate Change, 193 nations agree to reduce carbon emissions starting in 2020.         During the 2015 European migrant crisis, around 1.3 million people, most notably refugees of the wars in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, flee to Europe to claim asylum, leading to considerable political upheaval in the European Union. Germany ultimately takes in the majority of the asylum seekers.     2016         May 9 – Rodrigo Duterte becomes the first Mindanaoan President of the Philippines and the oldest person ever elected to the presidency.         June 5 – Hillary Clinton becomes the Democratic Party's nominee for president of the United States, making her the first woman to be nominated for president by a major party.         June 12 – In Orlando, Florida, Omar Mateen, a 29-year-old security guard, kills 49 people and wounds 53 others in a terrorist attack inside Pulse, a gay nightclub.         June 23 – The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union in the June 2016 membership referendum.         July 13 – After 6 years of leadership, British Prime Minister David Cameron resigns and is succeeded by Theresa May.         July 15–16 – A coup d'état is attempted in Turkey against state institutions, including but not limited to the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The attempt is carried out by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces that organized themselves as the Peace at Home Council.         September 2 – 1st President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov dies at age of 78, after 25 years of leadership.         November 8 – Donald Trump is elected as the 45th president of the United States, defeating Hillary Clinton.         December 19:             Andrei Karlov, the Russian Ambassador to Turkey, is killed by Turkish police officer Mevlüt Mert Altıntaş.             The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claims responsibility for the 2016 Berlin truck attack in Germany, in which 12 were killed and 49 others injured.         Cuban political and revolutionary leader Fidel Castro dies at the age of 90.         Former President of Israel and 1994 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shimon Peres dies at the age of 93, from a massive stroke.         Bhumibol Adulyadej, the longest-reigning Thai monarch dies at the age of 88, from a long illness.     2017         January 21–22 – In opposition to Donald Trump's inauguration, millions of people in the US and worldwide join the Women's March.         January 27 – U.S. President Donald Trump signs an executive order restricting travel and immigration from seven Muslim-majority countries. This order was blocked by the U.S. federal courts; a second, related order issued by Trump was also blocked by the federal courts. The block of second order was partially removed, by the Supreme Court, in June. The Supreme Court stated they would reconsider the order in October.         April 6 – In response to a suspected chemical weapons attack on a rebel-held town, the U.S. military launches 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Shayrat Airbase in Syria.         May 23 – Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao, following an attack in Marawi by the Maute group. This would last until October 23.         August 17–18 – In the 2017 Barcelona attacks, a terrorist drives into more than 100 people in Barcelona, Spain, killing 13 and injuring many.         October 27 – Catalonia declares independence from Spain,[44] but the declaration is not recognized by the Spanish government or any other sovereign nation.[45]     2018         March 19 – Paula-Mae Weekes becomes the first female President of Trinidad and Tobago.         March 24 – In over 900 cities internationally, people participate in demonstrations against gun violence and mass shootings, calling for stronger gun control in the March for Our Lives, which was a student-led demonstration in response to the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida that took place in February 14.         May 9 – The opposition-led Pakatan Harapan coalition, led by former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, secures a parliamentary majority in the Malaysian Parliament, ending the 61-year rule of the Barisan Nasional coalition in Malaysia since independence in 1957.         May 19 – The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle is held at St George's Chapel, England, with an estimated global audience of 1.9 billion.         June 12 – President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un attend a summit in Singapore, the first meeting between the leaders of the two countries.         October 28 – Jair Bolsonaro is elected as the 38th president of Brazil, after having been stabbed during the election campaign and undergone three surgeries.         December 17 – Catriona Gray from the Philippines is crowned Miss Universe 2018 at the IMPACT Arena in Thailand.[46]         The National People's Congress of China approves a constitutional change removing term limits for its leaders, granting Xi Jinping the status of "leader for life". Xi is the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (de facto leader).     2019         January 10 – Venezuela enters a presidential crisis after the disputed results of the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election leads to Juan Guaidó being declared the acting president, disputing Nicolás Maduro.         February 27–28 – President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un meet for the 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit in Vietnam.         March 13 – The Suzano school shooting: In a school in Suzano, São Paulo, Brazil, two ex-students kill 8 people and injure 11 others before committing suicide.         March 15:             The Christchurch mosque shootings: Australian terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant kills 51 people and injures 40 at two mosques in New Zealand.             Over 2 million people in Hong Kong protest against proposed legislation regarding extradition to China.         March 23 – Most of the territory formerly held by the Islamic State in Syria collapses amidst the Syrian Civil War. After years of global push back, the extremist group transitions from a proto-state into an insurgency as it retains offshoots and influence in regions across the globe.         April 30 – Emperor Akihito of Japan abdicates from his throne, the first abdication by a Japanese monarch in almost two centuries. The abdication ends the Heisei era of Japan and ushers in the Reiwa era with new emperor Naruhito ascending to the throne on May 1.         July 16 – The European Parliament elects Ursula von der Leyen as the new president of the European Commission.         July 24 – Boris Johnson becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after defeating Jeremy Hunt in a leadership contest, succeeding Theresa May.         December 10 – Sanna Marin, at the age of 34, becomes the world's youngest serving prime minister after being selected to lead Finland's Social Democratic Party.         December 18 – President Donald Trump is impeached by the United States House of Representatives.         December 31 – The first known case of COVID-19 is reported in Wuhan, China; the disease would rapidly proliferate into a global pandemic throughout the next three months.[47][48] 2020s ABS-CBN franchise renewal protests in Quezon City on July 10, 2020 George Floyd protests in Miami during the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020.[49] Joe Biden, the 46th and current president of the United States.[50] January 6 United States Capitol attack Fall of Kabul 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos Crowds at Buckingham Palace following the death of Elizabeth II Death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake Collapse of Silicon Valley Bank The April 4 indictment document against Donald Trump Coronation of Charles III and Camilla Wagner Group rebellion     2020         January 2 – The Royal Australian Air Force and Navy are deployed to New South Wales and Victoria to assist mass evacuation efforts amidst the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season.[51][52]         January 3 – A U.S. drone strike at Baghdad International Airport kills Iranian general Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi paramilitary leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. Five days later, Iran carries out retaliatory missile strikes on U.S. bases in Iraq, while Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 is shot down by the IRGC after being mistaken for an American cruise missile.         January 31 – The United Kingdom becomes the first member state to leave the European Union.         March – Beginning of the worldwide pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes COVID-19. Widespread economic disruption, including a stock market crash, occurred during the pandemic.         May 5 – The National Telecommunications Commission of the Philippines issues a cease and desist order to the broadcasting operations of ABS-CBN, the country's largest media network, as Congress fails to renew its franchise granted in 1995. The network signed off at 7:52 p.m (PST). The last time the network was shut down was upon the declaration of martial law by the Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. On July 10, Members of the Philippine House Committee on Legislative Franchises vote against the franchise renewal of the said network.[53]         May 26 – Protests break out following the murder of George Floyd across hundreds of cities in the United States and even smaller ones outside the US. Derek Chauvin, the officer responsible for Floyd's murder, would ultimately be convicted on two counts of murder and one of manslaughter in the wake of the protests.         June 15 – Maria Ressa, CEO of Philippine news site Rappler, is found guilty of cyberlibel by a Manila court over a 2012 story linking a businessman to various crimes. She faces up to six years in prison.         June 30 – China passes the controversial Hong Kong national security law, allowing China to crack down on opposition to Beijing at home or abroad.         August 11 – Kamala Harris becomes the Democratic Party's nominee for vice-president of the United States, making her the first African-American, the first Asian-American and the third female vice presidential running mate on a major party ticket.         August 18 – A mutiny in a military base by soldiers of the Malian Armed Forces develops into a coup d'état. President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime Minister Boubou Cissé, among other senior governmental and military officers, are forced to resign.         September 4 – Kosovo and Serbia announce that they will normalize economic relations.         November 3 – Joe Biden is elected as the 46th president of the United States, and Kamala Harris is elected as vice-president. Biden is the oldest person elected to a first term.         November 15:             President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigns from office after weeks of massive protests in the wake of the October 2020 parliamentary election; opposition leader Sadyr Japarov assumes office as both the acting president and Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan.             The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is signed by 15 Asia-Pacific countries to form the world's largest free-trade bloc, covering a third of the world's population.         Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok and Abdelaziz al-Hilu, the leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM–N), sign an agreement to transition the country into a secular state.         A United Nations Human Rights Council fact-finding mission formally accuses the Venezuelan government of crimes against humanity, including cases of killings, torture, violence against political opposition and disappearances since 2014. President Nicolás Maduro and other senior Venezuelan officials are among those implicated in the charges.         France, Germany, and the United Kingdom issue a joint note verbale to the United Nations rejecting China's claims to the South China Sea, and supporting the ruling in Philippines v. China that said the historic rights per the nine-dash line ran counter to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However the statement says that on "territorial sovereignty" they "take no position."         Israel, Sudan, Morocco, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain sign agreements to formally normalise diplomatic relations.         Azerbaijan launches a successful military campaign against Armenian forces to take back the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region. Turkey sends Syrian mercenaries to assist in this endeavor, and Russia ends the conflict by deploying peacekeepers.         North Korea demolishes the Inter-Korean Liaison Office in Kaesong, established in 2018 to improve relations.         The Special Tribunal for Lebanon convicts in absentia Salim Ayyash, a senior member of Hezbollah, for the 2005 assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri.         Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, the longest-serving prime minister in the history of Japan, announces his pending resignation from office, citing ill health, he was replaced by Yoshihide Suga and Fumio Kishida.         The Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Sabah al-Sabah dies at the age of 91. Crown Prince Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah is named his successor.         The EU launches legal action against the UK, accusing it of breaking international law by overriding sections of the Brexit withdrawal agreement.         In the 2020 New Caledonian independence referendum, New Caledonia votes against independence from France.         Massive protests breakout in Kyrgyzstan following accusations that the parliamentary election was "unfair".     2021         January 1 – Christine Dacera, a 23-year-old Philippine Airlines flight attendant, was found unconscious in a bathtub in City Garden Grand Hotel in Makati City. She was declared dead on arrival after she was rushed to Makati Medical Center due to ruptured aortic aneurysm.[54]         January 6 – Pro-Trump rioters storm the US Capitol, disrupting the Congressional certification of United States President-elect Joe Biden. Trump is impeached a second time a week later for his role in the storming, making him the first US federal official to be impeached more than once and the first president to have his trial occur after his tenure expired.         January 15 – Wikipedia's 20th anniversary is noted in the media.[55][56][57][58]         February 1 – A coup d'état in Myanmar removes Aung San Suu Kyi from power and restores military rule.[59]         February 18 – NASA's Mars 2020 mission (containing the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter drone) lands on Mars at Jezero Crater, after seven months of travel.[60]         April 30–June 13 – A crush during a pilgrimage on Lag BaOmer, renewed violence during the 2021 Israel-Palestine crisis and continuing problems with the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel precede the 2021 Israeli presidential election. Amidst the election, Naftali Bennett and Yair Lapid agree to a rotation government, first headed by Bennett, in order to oust Benjamin Netanyahu as Prime Minister as the month of crises is the culmination of scandals and corruption, including financial criminal charges, during Netanyahu's record long tenure.         June 24 – Filipino politician and the 15th President of the Philippines Benigno Aquino III dies at the age of 61.[61]         July 7 – President of Haiti, Jovenel Moïse, is assassinated in a midnight attack by unknown mercenaries.         August 15 – The Taliban regain control of Kabul after US forces and the republican government flee Afghanistan, marking the end of the War in Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.[62]         October 29 – Cinderella Obeñita from the Philippines is crowned Miss Intercontinental 2021 at Egypt.[63]         November 5 – Maureen Montagne from the Philippines is crowned Miss Globe 2021 at Tirana, Albania.[64]         November 30 – Barbados becomes a republic by replacing Elizabeth II as Queen with Sandra Mason as president in the role of head of state.         December 16 – Typhoon Rai lashes into Visayas and Mindanao, leaving about 409 people dead.[65]         December 25 – NASA, ESA, the Canadian Space Agency and the Space Telescope Science Institute launch the James Webb Space Telescope, the successor of the Hubble Space Telescope.     2022         February 4 – China and Russia issue a joint statement opposing further NATO expansion, expressing "serious concerns" about the AUKUS security pact, and pledging to cooperate with each other on a range of issues.[66]         February 4–20 – The 2022 Winter Olympics are held in Beijing, China, making it the first city ever to host both the Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics.[67]         February 24 – After a prolonged military buildup, Russia launches an invasion of Ukraine.         March 31 – The Philippine Air Force (PAF) introduces 1Lt. Jul Laiza Mae Camposano-Beran as the first female fighter pilot at the Basa Air Base, Floridablanca, Pampanga.[68]         May 9 – Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte are elected the 17th President and 15th Vice President of the Philippines in a landslide victory.         May 24 – The Robb Elementary School shooting is perpetrated by 18-year-old Salvador Ramos, who fatally shot nineteen students and two teachers and wounded seventeen other people in Uvalde, Texas, United States. The shooting was the third-deadliest school shooting in the United States, after the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007 and the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012, and the deadliest in Texas. In the shooting's wake, the most significant gun safety reform legislation in the U.S. in 30 years is enacted.         June 24 – The Supreme Court rules that the Constitution of the United States does not confer a right to abortion, thus overruling the 1973 case Roe v. Wade, and its related 1992 case Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Protests erupt across nearly every major city in the United States.         July 8 – Former Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe is assassinated while giving a public speech in the city of Nara, Japan.         July 31 – Filipino politician and the 12th President of the Philippines Fidel V. Ramos dies at the age of 94.[69]         September 8 – Elizabeth II, the longest reigning British monarch and longest reigning female monarch dies, and is succeeded by Charles III, her eldest child.         October 29 – At least 158 people are killed and another 197 injured in a crowd crush during Halloween festivities in Seoul, South Korea.         October 30 – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is elected as the 39th president of Brazil, after defeating incumbent Jair Bolsonaro, becoming the first Brazilian president to be elected for a third term.         November 24 – Long-time opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim is appointed by Yang di-Pertuan Agong Abdullah as Prime Minister of Malaysia.         December 7 – The Congress of Peru removes President Pedro Castillo from office and arrests him after he tries to dissolve congress in a coup attempt, Vice President Dina Boluarte succeeds him, leading to large protests against Boluarte and in favor of Castillo to erupt.         December 31 – Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, who served from 2005 until his resignation in 2013, dies at the age of 95.     2023         January 7:             After four days and fifteen ballots, Representative Kevin McCarthy is elected the 55th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.             Five black police officers of the Memphis Police Department, severely beat Tyre Nichols, a 29-year-old Black man, during a traffic stop. Nichols dies due to his injuries on January 10, and his death causes outrage and protests across the country.         January 8 – Supporters of former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro storm the Brazilian National Congress, the Supreme Federal Court and the Presidential Palace of Planalto.         January 14 – R'Bonney Gabriel from the United States is crowned Miss Universe 2022 at the New Orleans Morial Convention Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.[70]         January 17 – Nguyễn Xuân Phúc resigns as President of Vietnam amid several recent scandals in the government, he was later replaced by Võ Văn Thưởng who was elected on March 2.         January 18 – The Court of Tax Appeals acquits online news website Rappler as well as its founder, Maria Ressa, in a tax evasion case filed against them by the Philippine government in 2018.         January 25 – Chris Hipkins succeeds Jacinda Ardern as Prime Minister of New Zealand, six days after she announced her resignation.         January 27 – Widespread unrest erupts in Israel following an Israeli military raid in Jenin which left nine Palestinians dead. Incendiary air balloons are launched into Israeli populated areas following it. Israel responds with targeted airstrikes. Later the same day, seven Jewish civilians are shot dead in an East Jerusalem synagogue in a retaliatory attack.         January 30 – A Jamaat-ul-Ahrar suicide bombing inside a mosque in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, kills at least 101 people and injures over 220 others.         February 1 – Tampa Bay Buccaneers quarterback Tom Brady announces his retirement from the NFL.         February 2 – The European Central Bank and Bank of England each raise their interest rates by 0.5 percentage points to combat inflation, one day after the US Federal Reserve raises its federal funds rate by 0.25 percentage points.         February 3:             The US announces it is tracking alleged Chinese spy balloons over the Americas, with one drifting from Yukon to South Carolina before being shot down the next day, and a second hovering over Colombia and Brazil. This event is followed by subsequent detections and shootdowns of high-altitude objects elsewhere.             A Norfolk Southern train carrying hazardous materials derails in East Palestine, Ohio. Multiple train cars burned for more than two days, followed by emergency crews conducting a controlled burn of several additional cars, releasing hydrogen chloride and phosgene into the atmosphere.         February 6 – Two earthquakes strike southern Turkey, the first 7.8 (Mww) in Gaziantep Province and the other 7.5 Mww  in Kahramanmaraş Province, causing widespread damage and at least 58,000 deaths in Turkey and Syria, with more than 120,000 injured.[71][72]         February 7 – LeBron James breaks the all time NBA scoring record, scoring 38,388 points. The record was previously held by Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.         February 12 – The Kansas City Chiefs defeat the Philadelphia Eagles by a score of 38–35 to win Super Bowl LVII. Quarterback Patrick Mahomes wins Super Bowl MVP.         February 13 – A mass shooting takes place at Michigan State University. Three people were killed in the attack, and the shooter later takes his own life.         February 14 – Republican Nikki Haley announces her 2024 presidential campaign.         February 16:             The family of Bruce Willis announce that the actor has been diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia.             Controversial YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki steps down after filling the position for nine years, and is succeeded by Chief Product Officer Neal Mohan. Her departure leaves Big Tech without any female CEOs.         February 21 – Vladimir Putin announces that Russia is suspending its participation in New START, a nuclear arms reduction treaty with the US.         February 24 – The Philippine Independent Church ordains Wylard Ledama to the diaconate as the first trans woman clergy in the country.[73]         February 27 – The United Kingdom and the European Union reach a new agreement surrounding modifications to the Northern Ireland Protocol.         February 28 – A train crash in Thessaly, Greece, kills 57 people and injures dozens. The crash leads to nationwide protests and strikes against the condition of Greek railways and their mismanagement by the government.         March 2 – Alex Murdaugh is convicted by a jury and sentenced to life in prison without parole the next day for the murders of both his wife and son as well as two gun charges.         March 4:             Negros Oriental governor Roel Degamo, along with nine others, dies in an attack by gunmen in his home in Pamplona.[74]             UN member states agree on a legal framework for the High Seas Treaty, which aims to protect 30% of the world's oceans by 2030.         March 10:             The National People's Congress unanimously re-elects Xi Jinping as the President of the People's Republic of China to an unprecedented third term.             Iran and Saudi Arabia agree to resume diplomatic relations which were severed in 2016 at talks meditated by China.             Silicon Valley Bank, the 16th largest bank in the United States, fails, creating the largest bank failure since the 2008 financial crisis, affecting companies around the world.         March 17 – The International Criminal Court issues an arrest warrant for Russian president Vladimir Putin, the first against a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.         March 19 – In a deal brokered by the Swiss government, investment bank UBS agrees to buy Credit Suisse for CHF 3 billion (US$3.2 billion) in an all-stock deal.         March 20 – The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases the synthesis report of its Sixth Assessment Report on climate change.         March 24–27 – A tornado outbreak kills at least 26 people in Mississippi and Alabama.         March 27 – Seven people, including the perpetrator, are killed in a mass shooting at the Covenant School in Nashville, Tennessee.         March 26 – Large-scale spontaneous protests erupt across Israel in the wake of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu firing his defence minister who spoke against the government's judicial overhaul plan.         March 30 – Former U.S. president Donald Trump is indicted by a New York City grand jury, the first such indictment of a former President in U.S. history.         April 2:             Former Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchinson announces his 2024 presidential campaign.             Russian pro-government war correspondent Vladlen Tatarsky is killed by a bombing at a café in Saint Petersburg owned by oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin. Sixteen others are injured.         April 4 – Finland becomes the 31st member of NATO, doubling the Western alliance's border with Russia.         April 5:             Attorney and author Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announces his presidential campaign.             Clashes between Palestinians and the Israeli police happen at Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.         April 10 – Two document leaks from the Pentagon detailing foreign military aid relating to the Russian invasion of Ukraine are leaked onto the Internet.         April 11 – In the village of Pazigyi, at least 165 people are killed by the Myanmar Air Force during the opening celebrations of a People's Defence Force administration office.         April 14 – Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) is launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) to search for life in the Jovian system, with an expected arrival date of 2031.         April 15:             Nuclear power in Germany ends after the closure of the final power plants and nuclear being a power source for the country for over 50 years.             Fighting breaks out across Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces. The RSF captures Khartoum International Airport, and the presidential palace in Khartoum.         April 18 – Fox News and Dominion Voting Systems reach a $787.5 million settlement in the defamation lawsuit.         April 24 – Fox News and CNN fires Tucker Carlson and Don Lemon respectively. Carlson's firing was a result of the Dominion lawsuit settlement, while Lemon's was because of numerous misogynistic comments made in the past.         April 25 – President Biden formally announces his campaign for reelection in the 2024 United States presidential election.         May 1 – San Francisco-based First Republic Bank fails and is auctioned off by the US FDIC to JPMorgan Chase for $10.7 billion The collapse surpasses March's collapse of Silicon Valley Bank to become the second largest in US history.         May 2 – The 2023 Writers Guild of America strike begins due to unsuccessful pay raise negotiations. The strike halts the production of most movies and TV shows.         May 5 – World Health Organization declares end of the COVID-19 pandemic global health emergency.         May 6:             The coronation of Charles III and Camilla as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms is held in Westminster Abbey, London.             Nine people are killed, including the perpetrator, after a mass shooting at a mall in Allen, Texas.         May 7 – Syria is readmitted into the Arab League after being suspended since 2011.         May 9:             A Manhattan-based federal civil jury finds that former President Donald Trump sexually abused and defamed writer E. Jean Carroll in 1996, awarding her $5 million in damages.             U.S. Representative George Santos is indicted by federal prosecutors and charged with multiple counts of wire fraud, money laundering, and theft of private funds.         May 12 – The Title 42 expulsion policy expires at midnight, creating a question about whether a new immigration policy would be formed as a replacement. This comes as a surge of migrants gather at the U.S southern border.         May 19 – Senator Tim Scott from South Carolina files to run in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries.         May 24 – Ron DeSantis launches his campaign to run for President of the United States.         June 1 – Crown Prince of Jordan Hussein bin Abdullah marries Saudi architect and distant relative of the Saud family Rajwa Al Saif in the Jordanian capital of Amman.         June 2 – A train collision in Odisha, India results in at least 288 deaths and 1,000 others injured.         June 3 – Pres. Biden signs the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 into law in an effort to prevent the United States from entering a debt ceiling default.         June 6:             Nova Kakhovka dam in the Russian-controlled region of Kherson is destroyed, threatening the region with devastating floodwaters.             Former New Jersey governor Chris Christie announces his 2024 presidential campaign.         June 7 – Mike Pence announces his candidacy for President in the 2024 election.         June 8 – Former U.S. president Donald Trump is indicted by Jack Smith's special counsel over mishandling of classified documents found at the FBI search of Mar-a-Lago.         June 12 – The Denver Nuggets win the 2023 NBA Finals, their first NBA championship, in five games against the Miami Heat. Nikola Jokic wins NBA Finals MVP.         June 13 – At least 103 people are killed when a wedding boat capsizes on the Niger River in Kwara State, Nigeria.         June 14:             Scientists report the creation of the first synthetic human embryo from stem cells, without the need for sperm or egg cells.             At least 80 people die and 500 are reported missing after a boat carrying migrants capsizes off the coast of the Peloponnese.         June 15 – Miami mayor Francis Suarez launches his presidential campaign.         June 18 – All five crew members of Titan, a deep-sea submersible exploring the wreck of the Titanic, are killed following a catastrophic implosion of the vessel.         June 20 – Hunter Biden agrees to plead guilty to federal tax and firearms charges.         June 22 – Former Texas congressman Will Hurd launches his presidential campaign.         June 23 – Paramilitary organization known as the Wagner group launches a rebellion against the Russian government.         June 27:             Riots break out across France after the murder of teenager of algerian descent Nahel Merzoukh by a police officer.             The Supreme Court rules 6-3 in Moore v. Harper against the implementation of the independent state legislature theory.         June 29 – The Supreme Court rules that affirmative action in university admissions violates the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment. The court rules 6-3 in both Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina and Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard.         June 30 – The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to end MINUSMA, its peacekeeping mission in Mali.         July 3:             In the largest incursion by Israel into the West Bank since the Second Intifada, the Israeli military deployed ground forces and armed drones into the Jenin camp, killing thirteen and injuring more than one-hundred. An attack claimed by Hamas as retaliation for the incursion, occurred in Tel Aviv the following day, injuring nine.             Indian oil refiners start payments for Russian oil imports in Chinese yuan as an alternative to the US dollar due to increasing sanctions against Russia.         July 4:             Actress Allison Mack is released from prison early, after serving two years for her role in the NXIVM sex-trafficking cult.             Iran joins the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, becoming the organization's ninth member.         July 5 – Meta Platforms launches Threads as a direct competitor to Twitter.         July 7:             Patrick Crusius, the man who killed 23 people at an El Paso Walmart in 2019 is sentenced to 90 consecutive life sentences, the second longest amount of life sentences in the United States behind Terry Nichols, the accomplice of the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995.             A state judge in Oklahoma dismisses a lawsuit by the last three known survivors of the Tulsa race massacre in 1921 for reparations.         July 8 – In the Netherlands, the governing coalition collapses and Prime Minister Mark Rutte announces his upcoming resignation.         July 9 – New Zealand signs a free trade agreement with the European Union, increasing bilateral trade.         July 10:             China and the Solomon Islands sign a cooperation agreement between the People's Police and the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force in an upgrade of bilateral relations.             The European Commission and the U.S. government sign a new data communication agreement aimed at resolving legal uncertainties that European and American companies face when transferring personal data.         July 11 – Leslie Van Houten, a former member of the Manson Family, is released on parole after serving more than fifty years in prison.         July 14 – SAG-AFTRA announces it will begin an ongoing strike against the major film and TV studios in protest of low compensation, ownership of work, and generative AI.         July 18:             President Marcos signs the Maharlika Investment Fund, the Philippines' first sovereign wealth fund, into law.[75]             The International Criminal Court denies the Philippine government's appeal against the resumption of the investigation by prosecutor Karim Khan into the killings attributed to the drug war during the leadership of Rodrigo Duterte as Davao City mayor and the country's president.[76]             Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel announces charges against 16 “fake electors” for former U.S. President Donald Trump in a effort to reverse president Joe Biden’s victory in the state during the 2020 election. Politics, wars and states Main articles: International relations since 1989 and List of wars: 2003–present Russian President Vladimir Putin with George W. Bush and other Western leaders in Moscow, 9 May 2005 Protesters try to stop members of the G8 from attending the summit during the 27th G8 summit in Genoa, Italy by burning vehicles on the main route to the summit. New countries and territorial changes Some territories and states have gained independence during the 21st century. This is a list of sovereign states that have gained independence in the 21st century and have been recognized by the UN. Celebration of the Declaration of Independence of Kosovo     East Timor East Timor (Timor-Leste)[77] on 20 May 2002.     Montenegro Montenegro on 3 June 2006.     Serbia Serbia on 3 June 2006.     South Sudan South Sudan on 9 July 2011. These nations gained sovereignty through government reform.     Comoros Union of the Comoros on 23 December 2001. The Union of the Comoros replaced the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros     Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan on 13 July 2002. The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan replaced the Islamic State of Afghanistan.     Serbia and Montenegro State Union of Serbia and Montenegro on 4 February 2003. The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro replaced the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.     Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan replaced the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan     Nepal Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal on 28 May 2008. The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal replaced the Kingdom of Nepal.     Libya National Transitional Council of Libya on 20 October 2011. The National Transitional Council of Libya replaced the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.     Libya State of Libya on 8 August 2012. The State of Libya replaced the National Transitional Council of Libya.     Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 15 August 2021. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan replaced the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. These territories have declared independence and secured relative autonomy but they have only been recognized by some UN member states:     Kosovo Kosovo on 17 February 2008. (partially recognized)     South Ossetia South Ossetia on 26 August 2008. (partially recognized)     Abkhazia Abkhazia on 26 August 2008. (partially recognized) These territories have declared independence and secured relative autonomy but they have been recognized by no one:     Islamic State Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in June 2014. Had taken over much of Iraq, Syria and Libya. It is considered a terrorist organization and no longer holds any significant territorial control.     Catalonia Republic of Catalonia on 27 October 2017. The Catalan Parliament proclaimed the Catalan Republic, but the Kingdom of Spain did not recognise this and for a time imposed direct rule. (See 2017 Catalan independence referendum and 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis)     South Yemen Southern Transitional Council in March 2017. Claimed the majority of the southern part of Yemen and the restoration of South Yemen. These territories were annexed from a sovereign country, the action has only been recognized by some UN member states:     Autonomous Republic of Crimea Crimea annexed from Ukraine into the Russian Federation on 18 March 2014.      Donetsk People's Republic,[b] Kherson Oblast,  Luhansk People's Republic,[c] and Zaporizhzhia Oblast annexed from Ukraine into the Russian Federation on 30 September 2022. These territories were ceded to another country:     Bangladesh India India–Bangladesh enclaves, traded between the two countries in 2015.     Republic of Artsakh Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh and the Lachin corridor, surrendered by Armenia to Azerbaijan at the end of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. Science and technology Space exploration NASA successfully lands the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars. Artist's impression of New Horizons' close encounter with the Pluto–Charon system.     2001 – Dennis Tito becomes the first space tourist by paying $19 million to board the International Space Station.     2003 – Space Shuttle Columbia disaster on 1 February.     2003 – The Chinese space program launches its first crewed space flight, Shenzhou 5, on 15 October. This made China the third country in the world to have indigenous crewed space capability.     2004 – Mars Exploration Rovers land on Mars; Opportunity discovers evidence that an area of Mars was once covered in water.     2004 – SpaceShipOne makes the first privately funded human spaceflight, on 21 June.     2005 – The Huygens probe lands on Titan, the largest of Saturn's moons, on 14 January.     2006 – The New Horizons probe is launched to Pluto, on 19 January.     2006 – Pluto is reclassified from a planet to a dwarf planet, leaving the solar system with eight planets.     2007 – China launches its first lunar mission with the Chang'e 1, on 24 October.     2008 – India launches its first lunar mission Chandrayaan-1 which included a remote sensing orbiter and impactor on 22 October 2008. It made India the third nation to place its flag on Moon.     2008 – Chinese space program launches its third crewed space flight carrying its first three-person crew and conducts its first spacewalk that makes China the third nation after Russia and USA to do that, Shenzhou 7, on 25 September.     2008 – Phoenix discovers water ice on Mars.     2009 – Iran launches its first satellite, Omid, on 2 February.     2011 – NASA retires the last Space Shuttle, Atlantis, marking an end to its three-decade shuttle program.     2012 – SpaceX successfully delivers cargo to the International Space Station.     2012 – NASA successfully lands the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars, on 6 August.     2014 – India's Mars Orbiter Mission, the nation's first attempt to send a spacecraft to Mars, successfully entered orbit on 24 September, making India the fourth nation in the world to reach that goal.     2014 – The European Space Agency robotic spacecraft Philae landed successfully on the comet 67P, the first cometary landing ever.     2015 – On 14 July, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft became the first to fly by Pluto, on a mission to photograph and collect data on its planetary system. No other spacecraft has yet performed such a mission so far from Earth.     2015 – On 28 September, NASA announces that liquid water has been found on Mars.[78]     2015 - SpaceX launches and lands a Falcon 9 into orbital space on 21 December, becoming the first reusable rocket to do so.     2016 - SpaceX lands the first orbital rocket, a CRS-8, on a drone platform at sea on 8 April.     2016 – On 4 July, NASA's Juno space probe maneuvered into a polar orbit to study the planet Jupiter.[79]     2016 - On 26 July, Solar Impulse 2 becomes the first solar-powered aircraft to circumnavigate the world.     2016 – On 24 August, an Earth-sized exoplanet is discovered around Proxima Centauri, 4.2 light years away, which is potentially habitable.     2016 - On 8 September, NASA's ORIRIS-Rex space probe is launched as the first asteroid sample return mission to collect samples from Bennu.     2019 – On 3 January, Chinese probe Chang'e 4 becomes the first human-made object to land on the far side of the Moon.[80]     2019 – NASA concludes the 15-year Opportunity rover mission after being unable to wake the rover from hibernation.[81]     2019 – Israel launched its first spacecraft, Beresheet, towards the Moon on 7 April; after two months of journey, the spacecraft failed to land and crashed on the surface of the Moon, making Israel the seventh country to orbit the Moon.     2019 – The first image of the supermassive black hole inside galaxy Messier 87 was captured by the Event Horizon Telescope.[82]     2021 – NASA's Perseverance rover, carrying the Ingenuity helicopter, successfully lands on Mars.     2021 – NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is successfully launched into orbit.     2022 – The first image of the supermassive black hole inside Milky Way was captured by the Event Horizon Telescope.     2022 – The first image from the James Webb Space Telescope is published.[83]     2022 – NASA successfully launches the Artemis 1 Moon mission on the SLS spacecraft after multiple delays. Physics     2003 – WMAP observations of the cosmic microwave background.     2010 – The Large Hadron Collider's first high energy collisions took place in March 2010.     2012 – Physicists discover the Higgs boson based on collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, on 4 July. It is the latest particle to be discovered in the Standard Model.[84]     2016 – On 11 February, LIGO announces the discovery of bursts of gravitational waves generated by cosmic collisions of black holes on, and was previously predicted by Albert Einstein 100 years ago.     2022 – on 13 December, the US Department of Energy announces that scientists at the National Ignition Facility have achieved the first positive energy gain from a fusion reactor in history.[1] Mathematics     2002 – Grigori Perelman posted the first of a series of eprints to the arXiv, in which he proved the Poincaré conjecture, the first of the Millennium Prize Problems to be solved.     2013 – Yitang Zhang publishes a paper in the Annals of Mathematics that established the first finite bound on the least gap between consecutive primes that is attained infinitely often. Biotechnology and medicine Further information: Timeline of medicine and medical technology § 2000 – present See also: Medicine in the 2010s     2003 – Completion of the Human Genome Project     2005 – The first successful partial face transplant is performed in France.     2006 – Australian of the Year Dr Ian Frazer develops a vaccine for cervical cancer.     2007 – Visual prosthetic (bionic eye) Argus II.     2008 – Japanese scientists create a form of artificial DNA.     2008 – Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant.     2012 – The first successful complete face transplant is performed in Turkey.     2012 – Doubts raised over Statin medication.     2013 – First kidney grown in vitro in the U.S.     2013 – First human liver grown from stem cells in Japan. Telecommunications Steve Jobs discussing the iPhone, an early smartphone, in 2008 The Digital Revolution continued into the early 21st century with mobile phone usage and Global Internet usage growing massively, becoming available to many more people, with more applications and faster speeds. Worldwide Internet users[85] Users     2005     2010     2017     2019     2021 World population[86]     6.5 billion     6.9 billion     7.4 billion     7.75 billion     7.9 billion Worldwide     16%     30%     48%     53.6%     63% In developing world     8%     21%     41.3%     47%     57% In developed world     51%     67%     81%     86.6%     90% Social networking emerged in the mid-2000s, as a popular social communication, largely replacing much of the function of email, message boards and instant messaging services. Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat and WeChat are all major examples of social media to gain widespread popularity. The use of webcams and front-facing cameras on PCs and related devices, and services such as Skype, Zoom, and FaceTime have made video calling and video conferencing widespread. Their use hugely increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Civil unrest Further information: List of protests in the 21st century December 2001 riots in Argentina, also known as "Argentinazo". 2007 Georgian demonstrations against the government of president Mikheil Saakashvili. Tahrir Square Protest during the Arab Spring in Egypt. Peaceful protests in Madrid. In August 2011, Spain's unemployment reached 21.2% (46.2% for youths). Protests in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014, after the shooting of Michael Brown. 2019–20 Hong Kong protests "La marcha más grande de Chile" during the 2019–2020 Chilean protests.     2001 G8 Genoa summit protests     December 2001 riots in Argentina     2002 Gujarat riots     Protests against the Iraq War     Bolivian gas conflict     2003 Maldives civil unrest     2005 Belize unrest     Protests against Faure Gnassingbé     2005 Belfast riots     2005 civil unrest in France     Jeans Revolution     2006–2008 Lebanese protests     Saffron Revolution     2007 Georgian demonstrations     2008 Armenian presidential election protests     2008 Tibetan unrest     2008 riot in Mongolia     2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests     2009 G-20 London summit protests     April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests     2009–2010 Iranian election protests     2010 Thai political protests     Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010     2010 G-20 Toronto summit protests     2010 Mozambican protests     2010 UK student protests     2010–2012 Greek protests     Arab Spring     Tunisian revolution     2011 Egyptian revolution     2011 Egyptian Post-Revolution protests     Impact of the Arab Spring     2011 Magallanes protests     2011 Iranian protests     2011 Libyan civil war     Syrian civil war     2011 Northern Ireland riots     2011 Malawian protests     2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests     Anti-austerity movement in Portugal     Spanish "Indignants"     2011 England riots     2011–13 Chilean student protests     2011 Israeli social justice protests     Worldwide "Occupy" Protests     2011–2013 Russian protests     Bersih 3.0 rally     Yo Soy 132     Belfast City Hall flag protests     2012–2013 Iraqi protests     2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots     Gezi Park protests     2013 protests in Brazil     June 2013 Egyptian protests     2013–2014 Cambodian protests     2013 Muzaffarnagar riots     2013–2014 Thai political crisis     Euromaidan     2013 Italian social protests     2013 Little India riots     2014 Ukrainian Revolution     2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina     Venezuelan protests (2014–present)     2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka     2014 Pakistan anti-government protest     2014 Ferguson unrest     2014 Hong Kong protests     2015 Baltimore protests     Burundian unrest (2015–2018)     2015–18 Iraqi protests     2015 Lebanese protests     Protests against Donald Trump     Nuit debout     2016 Gabonese protests     2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt     2016–17 South Korean protests     Dakota Access Pipeline protests     2016 Manipur unrest     2016–17 Cameroonian protests     2017–2019 Romanian protests     2017 Belarusian protests     2017–2018 Russian protests     2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis     Unite the Right rally     2017–2018 Honduran protests     2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka     2018–2019 Nicaraguan protests     2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests     Yellow vests movement     Serbian protests (2018–present)     Sudanese Revolution     2018 Armenian revolution     2018–2023 Haitian crisis     2019–2020 Algerian protests     2019–20 Hong Kong protests     2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt     2019 Papua protests     2019 Egyptian protests     2019–2020 Iraqi protests     2019 Ecuadorian protests     2019–2020 Chilean protests     2019 Catalan protests     2019–2020 Guinean protests     2019–20 Lebanese protests     2019 Bolivian protests     2019 Indonesian protests and riots     2019–20 Iranian protests     2019 Maltese protests     2019-2020 Colombian protests     Citizenship Amendment Act protests     2020–2021 Thai protests     2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu     2020–2021 United States racial unrest     2020 Belarusian protests     2020–2021 Serbian protests     2020–2021 Bulgarian protests     2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest     End SARS protests     2020 Polish protests     2020 Peruvian protests     2020–2021 United States election protests     2020–2021 Armenian protests     2020 Guatemalan protests     2021 Dutch curfew riots     2021 Russian protests     2021 Myanmar protests     2021 Senegalese protests     2021 Paraguayan protests     2021 Colombian protests     2021 South African unrest     2022 Kazakh protests     2022 Sri Lankan protests     2022 Ecuadorian protests     Anti-MONUSCO protests     Mahsa Amini protests     2022–2023 Brazilian election protests     2022–2023 Peruvian protests     2023 Israeli judicial reform protests     2023 French pension reform strikes     2023 Manipur violence     2023 Senegalese protests     Nahel Merzouk protests Disasters Natural disasters The tsunami striking Ao Nang in Thailand on 26 December 2004. New Orleans, Louisiana in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. 2000s     2001 Gujarat earthquake – An earthquake in Gujarat, India on 26 January 2001, killed approximately 20,000 people.     January 2001 El Salvador earthquake – A 7.9 earthquake in El Salvador shook the whole country on 13 January 2001, causing a major devastating landslide, hundreds dead, thousands injured and many homeless. A month later, on 13 February 2001, the country suffered a second earthquake – 6.7     2003 European heat wave – Approximately up to 70,000 people were killed across Europe in a summer long heat wave.     2003 Bam earthquake – An earthquake in Bam, Iran on 27 December 2003, killed more than 26,000.     2004 Hurricane Jeanne – Over 3,000 people are killed by Hurricane Jeanne in Haiti in September 2004.     2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami – On 26 December 2004, a massive undersea earthquake resulted in a massive tsunami striking southeast Asia killing approximately 230,000.     2005 Hurricane Katrina – The hurricane killed 1,836 in southeast Louisiana and Mississippi (mostly in New Orleans) and South Florida. A significant portion of the city, most of which sits below sea level, was submerged. Damages reached US$81.5 billion, making Katrina the costliest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the U.S.     2005 Kashmir earthquake – An earthquake in Kashmir on 8 October 2005, killed at least 74,500 in India and Pakistan.     2008 Cyclone Nargis – lead to catastrophic storm surge, leading to a death toll in excess of 100,000 and making millions homeless.     2008 Sichuan earthquake – An earthquake between 7.9 and 8.0-magnitude struck Sichuan, China, on 12 May 2008, killing 68,712, with 17,921 missing.     2009 Black Saturday bushfires – The Black Saturday bushfires were a series of bushfires that ignited or were burning across the Australian state of Victoria, Australia on and around Saturday, 7 February 2009. The fires occurred during extreme bushfire-weather conditions and resulted in Australia's highest ever loss of life from a bushfire; 173 people died and 414 were injured.     2009 L'Aquila earthquake – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes near L'Aquila (Italy) on 6 April 2009, one of the worst in Italian history. 308 were pronounced dead and more than 65,000 were made homeless.     2009 flu pandemic – A worldwide outbreak of Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 spread around the world forming a pandemic by June 2009. 2010s Damaged buildings in Port-au-Prince as a result of the 2010 Haiti earthquake Hurricane Maria destruction in Dominica in 2017.     2010 Haiti earthquake – At least 230,000 are killed in Haiti after a massive earthquake on 12 January 2010. Three million people were made homeless.     2010 Chile earthquake – A massive earthquake, magnitude 8.8, strikes the central Chilean coast on 27 February 2010.     2010 Yushu earthquake – A large 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Yushu region of China in Qinghai near Tibet, on 14 April 2010, killing over 2,200 people.     2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull – A massive ash cloud is formed by the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull, on 14 April 2010, grounding flights across northwest Europe. Scientists began recording volcanic activity there in 2009 which increased through March 2010 culminating in the second phase eruption in April.     2010 Pakistan floods – Began in July 2010 after record heavy monsoon rains. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan was worst affected. At least 1,600 people were killed, thousands were rendered homeless, and more than thirteen million people were affected.[87][88][89][90][91] Estimates from rescue service officials suggest the death toll may reach 3,000 victims.[92]     2011 Queensland floods – Began in December 2010 primarily in Queensland. The flood causes thousands of people to evacuate. At least 200,000 people were affected by the flood. The flood continued throughout January 2011 in Queensland, and the estimated reduction in Australia's GDP is about A$30 billion.     Cyclone Yasi – A category 5 (Australian Scale) cyclone hits North Queensland with winds as strong as 290 km/h (197 miles/hr) and devastates the residents of North Queensland.     February 2011 Christchurch earthquake – 185 people died in New Zealand after a 6.3-magnitude earthquake hit Christchurch on 22 February 2011, making it New Zealand's second-deadliest natural disaster after the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake.     2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami – On 11 March 2011, a catastrophic undersea earthquake of magnitude 9.0 occurred offshore of eastern Japan, the greatest in the country's history and created a massive tsunami which killed 15,894; it also triggered the Fukushima I nuclear accidents. The overall cost for the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accidents reached up to US$235 billion, making it the costliest natural disaster on record.     2011 Super Outbreak – Regarded as the deadliest tornado outbreak ever recorded and dubbed the 2011 Super Outbreak, a catastrophic tornado outbreak on 25–28 April affected the Southern United States and killed over 330 people, most of whom were in or from Alabama. Damages are expected to be near or over $10 billion.     2011 Joplin tornado – On 22 May 2011, a devastating EF5 tornado struck Joplin, Missouri resulting in 159 casualties, making it the deadliest tornado to hit the United States since 1947.     Tropical Storm Washi – Locally known as Sendong, it caused catastrophic flooding in the Philippine island of Mindanao on the night of 16 December 2011. The hardest hits were in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan City. Almost 1000 people perished, most of whom were sleeping, and President Benigno Aquino III declared a state of calamity four days later.     Hurricane Sandy – 24–30 October 2012 – kills at least 185 people in the Caribbean, Bahamas, United States and Canada. Considerable storm surge damage causes major disruption to the eastern seaboard of the United States.[93][94][95]     2013 Bohol earthquake - An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 that killed 22 people and destroyed a total worth of ₱2.25 billion,     Typhoon Haiyan 2013 – kills more than 6,000 people in central Philippines. Considered to be one of the strongest storms ever, it brought major damage and loss of life to the Philippines, especially the islands of Leyte and Samar. A worldwide humanitarian effort began in the aftermath of the typhoon.     2014 Southeast Europe floods – kill at least 80 people in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. Floodwaters caused over 2,000 landslides across the Balkan region, spreading damage across many towns and villages.     April 2015 Nepal earthquake – An earthquake of 7.8 magnitude kills almost 9,000 people, injures another 22,000 and leaves nearly 3 million people homeless in Central Nepal. The earthquake was so strong it was felt in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.     2016 Taiwan earthquake – An earthquake of 6.4 magnitude kills 117 people, injures 550, and 4 people were left missing. The earthquake resulted in 3 executives of the Weiguan developer being arrested under charges of professional negligence resulting in death.     August 2016 Central Italy earthquake – A 6.2 magnitude earthquake killed 299 people and severely damaged Amatrice, Accumoli and Arquata del Tronto. 2020s     Unprecedented flooding displaces millions and threatens famine in Sudan and South Sudan in 2020–2021.[96][97]     On 12 January 2020, the Taal Volcano erupted for the first time in 43 years.     The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, the most active regional season on record with 30 total named storms, results in over 400 fatalities across parts of the United States, Central America and the Caribbean.     At least 20 people are killed in 2021 Henan floods in China after heavy rainfall (at least 20c per hour) exacerbated by the approach of Typhoon In-fa breaks existing records.     The 2021 European floods kill over 188 people and devastate Belgium, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Croatia, Switzerland, Italy and Luxemburg. Floods in Germany prove to be the deadliest since the North Sea Flood of 1962.     On 27 July 2022, a magnitude-7.0 earthquake hit Luzon, causing 11 deaths and ₱1.88 billion of property damage.     In September 2022, Hurricane Ian hit the west coast of Florida as a Category 4 Atlantic hurricane, becoming the deadliest hurricane to hit Florida since the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. Human-made disasters Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit in the Gulf of Mexico on fire in 2010     On 27 July 2002, a Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes at an air show in Ukraine, killing 77 and injuring more than 100, making it the worst air show disaster in history.     On 1 February 2003, at the conclusion of the STS-107 mission, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all seven astronauts on board.     The Black Saturday bushfires – the deadliest bushfires in Australian history took place across the Australian state of Victoria on 7 February 2009, during extreme bushfire-weather conditions, resulting in 173 people killed, more than 500 injured, and around 7,500 homeless. The fires came after Melbourne recorded the highest-ever temperature (46.4 °C, 115 °F) of any capital city in Australia. The majority of the fires were ignited by either fallen or clashing power lines or deliberately lit.     On 10 April 2010, Polish President Lech Kaczyński, his wife and 94 other people, including dozens of government officials, are killed in a plane crash.     On 20 April 2010, an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig, operating in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Louisiana, left eleven crewmen dead and resulted in a fire that sank the rig and caused a massive-scale oil spill[98] that may become one of the worst environmental disasters in United States history.[99] On 18 June 2010, oceanographer John Kessler said that the crude gushing from the well contains 40 percent methane, compared to about 5 percent found in typical oil deposits. Methane is a natural gas that could potentially suffocate marine life and create "dead zones" where oxygen is so depleted that nothing lives. "This is the most vigorous methane eruption in modern human history," Kessler said.[100] On 20 June an internal BP document was released by Congress revealing that BP estimated the flow could be as much as 100,000 barrels (4,200,000 US gallons; 16,000 cubic metres) per day under the circumstances that existed since 20 April blowout.[101][102] Pandemics and epidemics Western African Ebola virus epidemic U.S. yearly overdose deaths. More than 70,630 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2019.     2002–2004 – Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spreads to many countries in the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.     2009 – Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 spreads around the world, becoming a global pandemic.     2014 – Ebola virus spreads in west Africa, prompting the then-largest epidemic, with more than 20,000 cases. The first cases outside Africa are reported.     2019–present – A worldwide pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus takes place. It leads to widespread social and economic disruption and, by early 2023, more than 6.9 million deaths.[103][104] Economics and industry     The late-2000s financial crisis caused the Great Recession, which lasted into the early 2010s.     In the early 2010s the European debt crisis caused major effects on European politics and contributing to power shifts and the introduction of austerity policies in different countries.     Developing countries make up for 97% of the world's growth, and industrialization leads to the rapid rise of BRIC economies and the weakening of American hegemony in the global economy.     The recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic forced many governments and economic sectors to heavily invest and restructure, especially through widespread introduction of remote work.     Economic restructuring was pursued in many economies due to global climate change. Sports Association football is the most popular sport worldwide with the FIFA World Cup being the most viewed football event. Other sports such as rugby, cricket, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, tennis, and golf are popular globally. In cricket, the emergence of the Twenty20 format and the creation of the Indian Premier League led to changes in the nature of the sport. American swimmer Michael Phelps won an Olympic record setting 8 Gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics. The Beijing Bird's Nest Stadium during the 2008 Summer Olympics. Olympics     The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States     The 2004 Summer Olympics were held in Athens, Greece     The 2006 Winter Olympics were held in Turin, Italy     The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, China     The 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada]]     The 2012 Summer Olympics were held in London, United Kingdom     The 2014 Winter Olympics were held in Sochi, Russia     The 2016 Summer Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil     The 2018 Winter Olympics were held in Pyeongchang, South Korea     The 2020 Summer Olympics were held in Tokyo, Japan     The 2022 Winter Olympics were held in Beijing, China     The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France     The 2026 Winter Olympics will be held in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy     The 2028 Summer Olympics will be held in Los Angeles, California, United States     The 2032 Summer Olympics will be held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Association football     The 2002 FIFA World Cup – host South Korea and Japan – was won by Brazil     The 2006 FIFA World Cup – host Germany – was won by Italy     The 2010 FIFA World Cup – host South Africa – was won by Spain     The 2014 FIFA World Cup – host Brazil – was won by Germany     The 2018 FIFA World Cup – host Russia – was won by France     The 2022 FIFA World Cup – host Qatar – was won by Argentina Cricket     The 2003 Cricket World Cup – host South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya – was won by Australia     The 2007 Cricket World Cup – host West Indies – was won by Australia     The 2011 Cricket World Cup – host India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh – was won by India     The 2015 Cricket World Cup – host Australia and New Zealand – was won by Australia     The 2019 Cricket World Cup – host England and Wales – was won by England Gridiron football Quarterback Tom Brady led the New England Patriots and Tampa Bay Buccaneers during his career, appearing in ten Super Bowls himself, the most ever.     In the National Football League, the New England Patriots were the dominant franchise of the first two decades of the 21st century, winning six Super Bowls between their first, in 2001, and their most recent, in 2018 and appearing in an additional three others. Head Coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady led the team during the stretch, with Brady also leading the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to an additional Super Bowl following the 2020 season. Other teams with multiple Super Bowl appearances over that time period include the Philadelphia Eagles, New York Giants, Kansas City Chiefs, Seattle Seahawks, and Carolina Panthers. Besides Brady, who also won three Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award (MVP), other highly recognized players include quarterback Peyton Manning, who won five MVP awards, the most in history, and quarterback Aaron Rodgers who won three MVPs, who in 2011 set the NFL record for season passer rating. Successful offensive players at other positions include wide receiver Randy Moss, who set the record for most receiving touchdowns in a season with 23 in 2007, wide receiver Michael Thomas, who set the NFL record for most receptions in a season with 149 in 2019, tight end Rob Gronkowski, who became the first tight end to lead the league in receiving touchdowns in 2011, and running back Adrian Peterson, who set the all-time NFL record for rushing yards in a game with 296 in 2007, his rookie year. Key defensive players of the century include safety Ed Reed, who led the league in interceptions three times, linebacker Ray Lewis, who set the career tackles record when he retired in 2012, and linebacker J. J. Watt, who is the only player to record more than 20 quarterback sacks in two different seasons.     In American college football, the sport saw the creation of the College Football Playoff, the first playoff for NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, the highest level of college football in the U.S. The series was dominated by two teams, the Clemson Tigers and Alabama Crimson Tide, at least one of which has played in every Playoff since its inception in 2014 and between them have won all but one of said championships. Prior to 2014, the method of determining the champion was done via the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), a single championship game that attempted to match the top two teams in the country using a series of polls and computer rankings to choose the top two teams. In the BCS era, the top teams were Alabama, which won three BCS Championships, and Florida State, LSU, and Oklahoma, which won two BCS Championships each. Nick Saban, who led both LSU and Alabama to one and seven national championships respectively, was the most dominant coach of his era, while quarterbacks dominated the Heisman Trophy, winning 16 of 20 during the first two decades of the 21st century. Several controversies over the payment of athletes dominated the sport, with Heisman Trophy winner Reggie Bush being forced to return his award over receiving improper benefits while maintaining amateur status, while officials and media continued to debate the possibility of paying athletes at all levels of college athletics.     In Canadian football, the league opened the 21st century facing an uncertain financial future, suffering from the failures of the experiment of trying to field Canadian football teams in the United States and having to contract a large number of teams at the end of the 20th century. The league fluctuated between eight and nine teams as two different Ottawa-based franchises failed during the first decade of the 21st century. The league found stability during the 2010s, and showed surprising parity between the teams, with all nine teams appearing in at least one Grey Cup during the 2000s and 2010s, and with only the Montreal Alouettes winning back-to-back titles during those two decades, in 2009 and 2010. Quarterback Anthony Calvillo of the Alouettes was the face of the league during his career, winning three Most Outstanding Player Awards and setting several passing records in the process. Golf Tiger Woods was the most successful male golfer of the first two decades of the 21st century.     The 2002 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 15 and a half to USA's 12 and a half.     The 2004 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 18 and a half to USA's 9 and a half.     The 2006 Ryder Cup was won by Europe again 18 and a half to USA's 9 and a half.     The 2008 Ryder Cup was won by USA 16 and a half to Europe's 11 and a half.     The 2010 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 14 and a half to USA's 13 and a half.     The 2012 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 14 and a half to USA's 13 and a half.     The 2014 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 16 and a half to USA's 11 and a half.     The 2016 Ryder Cup was won by USA 17 to Europe's 11.     The 2018 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 17 and a half to USA's 10 and a half. Motorsport The start of a race during the 2016 Supercars Championship in Australia     Dale Earnhardt died after a last-lap crash during the Daytona 500 in February 2001.     Michael Schumacher broke many records in the first few years of the century, including the record for most races won (91), most World Championships (7), and most pole positions (68) by the time he retired in 2006. In 2010, he announced his comeback to Formula One after three years out of the sport, retiring again in 2012.     Sebastian Vettel broke numerous records on his way to becoming Formula One's youngest ever world champion, in 2010 at age 23, and then the youngest ever double world champion, in 2011 at age 24.     Sébastien Loeb became the most successful rally driver ever, winning the World Rally Championship a record 9 consecutive times between 2004 and 2012. He also set new records for the most wins, podium finishes and points scored.     Casey Stoner won his second MotoGP world title (2007 and 2011), and announced his retirement from the sport at just 27 years of age, citing disagreement with the direction of the sport and a desire to spend more time with his family. His retirement became effective at the end of the 2012 MotoGP season. Stoner has won every MotoGP-branded race at least once.     Craig Lowndes became the first driver to reach 100 race wins in the V8 Supercars Championship.     Lewis Hamilton broke the record for most career pole positions in Formula One in 2019, and the record for most career wins in 2020. Rugby Union     2003 Rugby World Cup – host Australia – was won by England     2007 Rugby World Cup – host France – was won by South Africa     2011 Rugby World Cup – host New Zealand – was won by New Zealand     2015 Rugby World Cup – host England – was won by New Zealand     2019 Rugby World Cup – host Japan – was won by South Africa Tennis (Men)     Roger Federer won 20 Grand Slam titles (6 Australian Opens, 1 French Open, 8 Wimbledons, and 5 US Opens) to surpass Pete Sampras' record of 14.     Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic each completed a Career Grand Slam, winning the singles championships in the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and US Open; Nadal also won the Olympic Singles gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics to complete a Golden Career Slam.     At the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, John Isner and Nicolas Mahut completed the longest tennis match ever. Isner won 6–4, 3–6, 6–7(7), 7–6(3), 70–68.     In 2019, Rafael Nadal became the first male player to win a single Grand Slam tournament (French Open) 12 times. Tennis (Women)     Serena Williams won 23 Grand Slam titles (7 Australian Opens, 3 French Opens, 7 Wimbledons, and 6 US Opens) in the 21st century, to add to her 1999 US Open title. Including a 2017 Australian Open win whilst 8 weeks pregnant     Maria Sharapova became the first female Russian player to reach No.1 on 22 August 2005. She also retired in 2020.     China's Li Na won the 2011 French Open, becoming the first player, male or female, from that country to win a Grand Slam.     Belarusian Victoria Azarenka won the 2012 Australian Open, becoming the first player, male or female, from that country to win a Grand Slam, and also hold the No.1 ranking (taking over from Caroline Wozniacki). Arts and entertainment Arts Main article: Contemporary art     Art:21 - Art in the 21st Century (2001–2018), a PBS series Music A. R. Rahman, an Indian composer, became the first-ever from the sub-continent to have won double Oscars for his original score and soundtrack in 2009. At the beginning of the century, the compact disc (CD) was the standard form of music media, but alternative forms of music media started to take it place such as music downloading and online streaming. A resurgence in sales of vinyl records in the 2010s was driven by record collectors and audiophiles who prefer the sound of analog vinyl records to digital recordings. In 2020, for the first time since the 1980s, vinyl surpassed CDs as the primary form of physical media for consumers of music, though both were still surpassed by online streaming, which by the 2020s became the predominant way that people consumed music.[105] As of 2020, the most active music streaming services were YouTube (1 billion monthly music users, 20 million premium subscribers), Tencent Music (657 million monthly users, 42.7 million premium subscribers), 130 million premium subscribers), SoundCloud (175 million monthly users), Gaana (152 million monthly users), JioSaavn (104 million monthly users), Spotify (286 million monthly users), Pandora (60.9 million monthly users), and Apple Music (60 million subscribers).[106] Television As with music, the story of the first two decades of the 21st century was the growth of streaming television services in competition with older forms of television, such as Terrestrial television, cable television, and satellite television. The first major company to dominate the streaming service market was Netflix, which began as a DVD-delivery service in the late 1990s, transitioned into an online media streaming platform initially focused on delivering content produced by studios, then began to produce its own content, beginning with the popular and critically acclaimed series House of Cards in 2013. Netflix's success encouraged the creation of numerous other streaming services, such as Hulu, YouTube Premium, Amazon Prime Video, and Disney+, which within a year of its launch overtook Netflix as the most downloaded television streaming application.[107] Issues and concerns     Global warming. Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.[108] The resulting economic and ecological costs are hard to predict. Some scientists argue that human-induced global warming risks considerable losses in biodiversity and ecosystem services unless considerable sociopolitical changes are introduced, particularly in patterns of mass consumption and transportation.[109] Global Peak Oil forecast. Virtually all economic sectors rely heavily on petroleum.     Globalization. Advances in telecommunications and transportation, the expansion of capitalism and democracy[disputed – discuss] since the late 1980s, and free trade agreements have resulted in unprecedented global economic and cultural integration. Most economists believe free trade leads to economic growth and benefits most people, including small businesses.[110] In recent years, however, there has been a backlash against globalization and a return to protectionist attitudes among some leaders and nations, most notably United States President Donald Trump and the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union. Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2006. Almost 97% of future population growth is expected to occur in developing countries.[111]     Population. The world's population demographics will shift considerably in this century, with the population of Europe and East Asia to decline considerably and the population of Africa and to a lesser extent South Asia to grow considerably. The United Nations estimates that world population will reach 9.8 billion by 2050.[112] Most of this growth will take place in the world's poorer countries, which may slow down the global reduction of poverty and combined with the effects of global warming may lead to large migrations.         Overconsumption and overpopulation. The United Nations estimates that world population will reach 9.2 billion by mid-century. Such growth raises questions of ecological sustainability and creates many economic and political disruptions. In response, many countries have adopted policies which either force or encourage their citizens to have fewer children, and others have limited immigration. Considerable debate exists over what the ultimate carrying capacity of the planet may be; whether or not population growth containment policies are necessary; to what degree growth can safely occur thanks to increased economic and ecological efficiency; and how distribution mechanisms should accommodate demographic shifts. Many developed countries (most notably Japan) will experience population decline, and the population debate is strongly tied with discussions about the distribution of wealth.     Poverty. Poverty remains the root cause of many of the world's other ills, including famine, disease, and insufficient education. Poverty contains many self-reinforcing elements (for instance, poverty can make education an unaffordable luxury, which tends to result in continuing poverty) that various aid groups hope to rectify in this century. Immense progress has been made in reducing poverty, especially in China and India but increasingly in Africa as well. Microcredit lending has also started to gain a profile as a useful anti-poverty tool.     Disease. AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria each kill over a million people annually. HIV remains without a cure or vaccine, and while new cases are declining it remains a major problem, especially for women.[113] Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern for organisms such as tuberculosis. Other diseases, such as SARS, COVID-19, ebola, the Zika virus and flu variations, are also causes for concern. The World Health Organization has warned of a possible coming flu pandemic resulting from bird flu mutations. In 2009, there was an outbreak of swine flu whose country of origin is still unknown. In early 2019, more than 90% of world's 13,865 nuclear weapons were owned by Russia and the United States.[114]     War and terrorism. Although war and terror have declined so far in the early 21st century,[115] active conflicts continue around the world, such as the Syrian Civil War, the Yemeni Civil War and the War in Afghanistan. The 9/11 terrorist attacks triggered invasions of Afghanistan and partially and controversially Iraq. The War on Terror has seen controversies over civil liberties, accusations of torture, continued terrorist attacks and ongoing instability, violence, and military occupation. Violence continues in the Arab–Israeli conflict. Considerable concern remains about nuclear proliferation, especially in Iran and North Korea, and the availability of weapons of mass destruction to rogue groups.         War on drugs. Increasingly, the legal, social and military battle led by governments against drug cartels around the world show little results in ending drug trading and consumption, and a constant increase in the lives taken from this struggle. Notably, after 2006 in the Mexican Drug War, more than 100,000 human lives have been lost to this conflict. Some jurisdictions have enacted some degree of legalization or decriminalization of some kinds of drugs, notably including several U.S. states legalizing marijuana either for recreational or medical use.     Intellectual property. The increasing popularity of digital formats for entertainment media such as movies and music, and the ease of copying and distributing it via the Internet and peer-to-peer networks, has raised concerns in the media industry about copyright infringement. Much debate is proceeding about the proper bounds between protection of copyright, trademark and patent rights versus fair use and the public domain, where some argue that such laws have shifted greatly towards intellectual property owners and away from the interests of the general public in recent years, while others say that such legal change is needed to deal with a perceived threat of new technologies against the rights of authors and artists (or, as others put it, against the outmoded business models of the current entertainment industry). Domain name "cybersquatting" and access to patented drugs and generics to combat epidemics in third-world countries are other IP concerns.     Technology developments continue to change society. Communications and control technology continues to augment the intelligence of individual humans, collections of humans, and machines. Some, notably Ray Kurzweil, have predicted that by the middle of the century there will be a technological singularity if artificial intelligence that outsmarts humans is created. In addition, some economists have expressed concerns over technological unemployment due to automation.   Marriage open to same-sex couples   Death penalty for homosexuality     Civil rights, including women's rights, LGBT rights, racial equality and the rights of disabled and neurodiverse people are still a work in progress. Women are not able to realize or are outright denied their rights in many countries, including India, China[116] and Saudi Arabia, and sexual violence against women is still an enormous problem everywhere in the world. Sex-selective abortion has reduced the number of women born worldwide since 1990, mostly because of son preference in China, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, South Korea and some other smaller countries. In many countries attitudes towards homosexuality have become more tolerant. Same-sex marriage was legalized in several jurisdictions during the first two decades of the century, but outlawed by constitutional amendment in other places. Meanwhile, some countries such as Uganda and Russia moved to toughen their laws against any sort of homosexual behavior or expression. Political battles over pro- or anti-gay legislation provoked much activism in the streets and on the Internet. Hate groups remain a serious problem, and ethnic minorities have a lower status in many countries, including the United States. Neurological conditions such as autism are slowly becoming more understood and recognized. Astronomical events     2004: Transit of Venus.     23 December 2007: grand conjunction, a galactic conjunction which happens every 26,000 years.     2009: Triple conjunction Jupiter–Neptune.     Solar eclipse of July 22, 2009, total of 6 min 38.8 s, saros 136.     Solar eclipse of January 15, 2010, annular of 11 min 08 s, saros 141. The longest of the century, and also of the entire millennium.     2012: Transit of Venus.     11 November 2019: Transit of Mercury.     Solar eclipse of June 21, 2020, annular of 38 s, saros 137 Further information: List of future astronomical events § 21st century See also     iconModern history portal     20th century     Timelines of modern history     Contemporary art     International relations since 1989 Notes See, for instance, the Lost Decades in Japan. See Russian occupation of Donetsk Oblast.     See Russian occupation of Luhansk Oblast. References "The 21st Century and the 3rd Millennium". aa.usno.navy.mil. 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"The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Global Economy: Emphasis on Poverty Alleviation and Economic Growth." Economics 8.1 (2021): 32-43 online.     Aziz, Nusrate, and M. Niaz Asadullah. "Military spending, armed conflict and economic growth in developing countries in the post–Cold War era." Journal of Economic Studies 44.1 (2017): 47–68.     Brands, Hal. Making the unipolar moment: U.S. foreign policy and the rise of the post-Cold War order (2016).     Brügger, Niels, ed, Web25: Histories from the first 25 years of the world wide web (Peter Lang, 2017).     Cameron, Fraser. US foreign policy after the cold war: global hegemon or reluctant sheriff? (Psychology Press, 2005).     Cassani, Andrea, and Luca Tomini. Autocratization in post-cold war political regimes (Springer, 2018).     Clapton, William ed. Risk and Hierarchy in International Society: Liberal Interventionism in the Post-Cold War Era (Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2014)     Dai, Jinhua, and Lisa Rofel, eds. After the Post–Cold War: The Future of Chinese History (Duke UP, 2018).     Duong, Thanh. Hegemonic globalisation: U.S. centrality and global strategy in the emerging world order (Routledge, 2017).     The Economist. The World in 2020 (2019)     The Economist. The Pocket World in 2021 (2020) excerpt     Gertler, Mark, and Simon Gilchrist. "What happened: Financial factors in the great recession." Journal of Economic Perspectives 32.3 (2018): 3-30. online     Harrison, Ewam. The Post-Cold War International System: Strategies, Institutions and Reflexivity (2004).     Henriksen, Thomas H. Cycles in US Foreign Policy Since the Cold War (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017) excerpt.     Howe, Joshua P. Behind the curve: science and the politics of global warming (U of Washington Press, 2014).     Jackson, Robert J. and Philip Towle. Temptations of Power: The United States in Global Politics after 9/11 (2007)     Lamy, Steven L., et al. Introduction to global politics (4th ed. Oxford UP, 2017)     Mandelbaum, Michael The Rise and Fall of Peace on Earth (Oxford UP, 2019) why so much peace 1989–2015. excerpt     Maull, Hanns W., ed. The rise and decline of the post-Cold War international order (Oxford UP, 2018).     Pekkanen, Saadia M., John Ravenhill, and Rosemary Foot, eds. Oxford handbook of the international relations of Asia (Oxford UP, 2014), comprehensive coverage.     Ravenhill, John, ed. Global political economy (5th ed. Oxford UP, 2017) excerpt     Reid-Henry, Simon. Empire of Democracy: The Remaking of the West Since the Cold War (2019) excerpt     Rosenberg, Jerry M. (2012). The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007–2012 (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810883406.     Rubin, Robert, and Jacob Weisberg. In an uncertain world: tough choices from Wall Street to Washington (2015).     Rudolph, Peter. "The Sino-American World Conflict" (German Institute for International and Security Affairs. SWP Research Paper #3, February 2020). doi: 10.18449/2020RP03 online     Schenk, Catherine R. International economic relations since 1945 (2nd ed. 2021).     Smith, Rhona K.M. et al. International Human Rights (4th ed. 2018)     Smith, Rhona KM. Texts and materials on international human rights (4th ed. Routledge, 2020).     Strong, Jason. The 2010s: Looking Back At A Dramatic Decade (2019) online     Taylor-Gooby, Peter, Benjamin Leruth, and Heejung Chung, eds. After austerity: Welfare state transformation in Europe after the great recession (Oxford UP, 2017).     Tooze, Adam (2018). Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World. New York: Viking. ISBN 9780670024933.     Tooze, Adam. Shutdown: How Covid Shook the World's Economy (2021).     United Nations. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020 (2020) online annual reports     United Nations. 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  • Condition: Used
  • Condition: In Very Good Condition for its age....bought on the day!
  • Type: Newspaper
  • Theme: Millennium/ Year 2000
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom

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