Boston Braves Jack Smith Vintage Original Photo Catching Pose 1929

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176277810560 BOSTON BRAVES JACK SMITH VINTAGE ORIGINAL PHOTO CATCHING POSE 1929. JACK SMITH VINTAGE ORIGINAL 6 1/2 X 8 1/2 INCH PHOTO FROM 1929 OF JACK SMITH FROM BOSTON BRAVES

Jack Smith (June 23, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an outfielder in Major League Baseball who played for the St. Louis Cardinals (1915–1926) and Boston Braves (1926–1929). Smith batted and threw left-handed. He was born in Chicago. In a 15-season career, Smith posted a .287 batting average (1301-for-4532) with 783 runs, 40 home runs, 382 RBI and 228 stolen bases in 1406 games played. Smith died in Westchester, Illinois, at the age of 76. Contents 1 Best Season 2 Highlights 3 See also 4 Sources Best Season (1922): .310, 117 runs, 46 RBI, 158 hits, 23 doubles, 12 triples, 8 home runs Highlights Collected 228 stolen bases 6-times stole 20 or more bases (a career-high 32 in 1923) Posted six .300 seasons (four straight, in 1920-23) Had five straight hits as a pinch-hitter (1917) Led National League with nine pinch-hits (1928) As a right fielder, made an unassisted double play (August 25, 1925) Jack Smith Given Name: born Jan Smadt 1895-1972 OF 1915-29 Cardinals , Braves Jack Smith's Teammates Games Average HR RBI Career 1406 .287 40 382 Books and articles about Jack Smith RELATED LINKS A swift outfielder with a good arm, Smith stole 228 bases in his 15 ML seasons. He had four straight .300 seasons with the Cardinals (1920-23), with a career high of .332. In 1917 he made five straight hits as a pinch hitter, and in 1928 he led the NL with nine pinch hits for the Braves. (NLM) FROM THE BASEBALL CHRONOLOGY » September 23, 1922: Rogers Hornsby belts his 40th homer, a solo shot in the 6th at the Polo Grounds, but the Giants hang on to win, 7–5. Ross Youngs saves a homer in the 9th when he leaps to snag Jack Smith's drive. Jack Scott hits 4-for-4 and goes all the way for the win to keep the Giants six games in front of Pittsburgh. » August 5, 1925: Cards RF Jack Smith charges in for a short fly ball and keeps on running, tagging 1B to double up the base runner before he can get back, for a rare unassisted double play. Jack Smith Position: Outfielder Bats: Left  •  Throws: Left 5-8, 165lb (173cm, 74kg) Born: June 23, 1895 in Chicago, IL us Died: May 2, 1972 (Aged 76-314d) in Westchester, IL Buried: Forest Home Cemetery, Forest Park, IL More bio, uniform, draft, salary info SUMMARY Career WAR 13.2 AB 4532 H 1301 HR 40 BA .287 R 783 RBI 382 SB 228 OBP .339 SLG .385 OPS .724 OPS+ 103 Jack Smith Overview Minor Lg Stats Splits Batting Career 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Game Logs Batting 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Fielding 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Finders & Advanced Stats Batting Advanced Stats Home Run Log Game Finder Streak Finder Event Finder vs. Pitcher Batter Comparison Fielding Advanced Stats More More Jack Smith Pages at Baseball Reference Oracle Jack Smith page at the Bullpen Wiki Back to top On this page: Standard Batting Player Value--Batting Player News Standard Fielding Appearances Leaderboards, Awards, & Honors Hall of Fame Statistics Similarity Scores Transactions Other Resources & Links Full Site Menu Standard Batting  Show Minors Games by Position Share & more Modify & Share Table Embed this Table Get as Excel Workbook (experimental) Get table as CSV (for Excel) Strip Mobile Formatting Copy Link to Table to Clipboard About Sharing Tools Video: SR Sharing Tools & How-to Video: Stats Table Tips & Tricks GlossaryHide Partial Rows Year Age Tm Lg G PA AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI SB CS BB SO BA OBP SLG OPS OPS+ TB GDP HBP SH SF IBB Pos Awards 1915 20 STL NL 4 17 16 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 .188 .235 .313 .548 64 5 0 0 /78 1916 21 STL NL 130 401 357 43 87 6 5 6 34 24 16 20 50 .244 .291 .339 .630 95 121 4 19 *89/7 1917 22 STL NL 137 515 462 64 137 16 11 3 34 25 38 65 .297 .351 .398 .750 132 184 1 14 *897 1918 23 STL NL 42 180 166 24 35 2 1 0 4 5 7 21 .211 .260 .235 .495 54 39 4 4 8 1919 24 STL NL 119 451 408 47 91 16 3 0 15 30 26 29 .223 .271 .277 .548 69 113 1 16 *98/7 1920 25 STL NL 91 346 313 53 104 22 5 1 28 14 9 25 23 .332 .385 .444 .829 140 139 2 6 879 1921 26 STL NL 116 439 411 86 135 22 9 7 33 11 6 21 24 .328 .361 .477 .838 123 196 0 7 *98 1922 27 STL NL 143 578 510 117 158 23 12 8 46 18 7 50 30 .310 .375 .449 .824 116 229 3 15 *897 1923 28 STL NL 124 444 407 98 126 16 6 5 41 32 11 27 20 .310 .356 .415 .771 105 169 2 8 *798 1924 29 STL NL 124 503 459 91 130 18 6 2 33 24 16 33 27 .283 .333 .362 .694 87 166 1 9 *978 1925 30 STL NL 80 273 243 53 61 11 4 4 31 20 2 19 13 .251 .308 .379 .687 73 92 1 10 89/7 1926 31 TOT NL 97 360 323 46 100 15 2 2 25 11 28 13 .310 .368 .387 .755 111 125 2 7 897 1926 31 STL NL 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .000 .000 .000 .000 -100 0 0 0 1926 31 BSN NL 96 359 322 46 100 15 2 2 25 11 28 12 .311 .369 .388 .758 112 125 2 7 897 1927 32 BSN NL 84 208 183 27 58 6 4 1 24 8 16 12 .317 .375 .410 .785 117 75 1 7 98/7 1928 33 BSN NL 96 292 254 30 71 9 2 1 32 6 21 14 .280 .335 .343 .677 83 87 0 14 87/9 1929 34 BSN NL 19 24 20 2 5 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 .250 .318 .250 .568 46 5 0 2 /897 15 Yrs 1406 5031 4532 783 1301 182 71 40 382 228 67 334 348 .287 .339 .385 .724 103 1745 22 138 162 Game Avg. 162 580 522 90 150 21 8 5 44 26 38 40 .287 .339 .385 .724 103 201 3 16 G PA AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI SB CS BB SO BA OBP SLG OPS OPS+ TB GDP HBP SH SF IBB Pos Awards STL (12 yrs) 1111 4148 3753 678 1067 152 63 36 299 203 67 267 308 .284 .335 .387 .722 103 1453 19 108 BSN (4 yrs) 295 883 779 105 234 30 8 4 83 25 67 40 .300 .358 .375 .733 102 292 3 30 Player Value--Batting  WAR Explained (v2.2): 8+ MVP, 5+ A-S, 2+ Starter, 0-2 Sub, < 0 Repl Share & more Modify & Share Table Embed this Table Get as Excel Workbook (experimental) Get table as CSV (for Excel) Strip Mobile Formatting Copy Link to Table to Clipboard About Sharing Tools Video: SR Sharing Tools & How-to Video: Stats Table Tips & Tricks Glossary Year Age Tm Lg G PA Rbat Rbaser Rdp Rfield Rpos RAA WAA Rrep RAR WAR waaWL% 162WL% oWAR dWAR oRAR Salary Pos Awards 1915 20 STL NL 4 17 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 -0.1 1 0 -0.1 .471 .499 -0.1 0.0 0 /78 1916 21 STL NL 130 401 -2 0 0 -5 -3 -10 -1.3 12 2 0.0 .490 .492 0.6 -1.0 7 *89/7 1917 22 STL NL 137 515 16 0 0 0 -5 11 1.3 16 27 3.0 .510 .508 3.0 -0.6 27 *897 1918 23 STL NL 42 180 -8 0 0 -2 -1 -12 -1.5 5 -6 -0.9 .466 .491 -0.6 -0.4 -4 8 1919 24 STL NL 119 451 -14 3 0 2 -5 -13 -1.8 14 1 -0.3 .486 .490 -0.4 -0.5 -1 *98/7 1920 25 STL NL 91 346 15 1 0 -6 -3 7 0.7 11 17 1.9 .508 .505 2.6 -1.1 23 879 1921 26 STL NL 116 439 13 1 0 0 -5 9 0.8 14 22 2.2 .508 .506 2.3 -0.6 22 *98 1922 27 STL NL 143 578 13 2 0 -3 -5 8 0.8 18 25 2.5 .505 .504 2.8 -0.7 28 *897 1923 28 STL NL 124 444 3 3 0 5 -5 7 0.7 14 21 2.0 .505 .504 1.6 0.0 15 *798 1924 29 STL NL 124 503 -7 1 0 2 -5 -10 -1.1 16 6 0.5 .492 .494 0.4 -0.4 4 *978 1925 30 STL NL 80 273 -11 4 0 0 -3 -9 -0.9 8 -1 -0.1 .489 .495 0.0 -0.3 -1 89/7 1926 31 STL NL 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 .467 .500 0.0 0.0 0 1926 31 BSN NL 96 359 7 1 0 0 -3 5 0.5 11 16 1.6 .505 .503 1.6 -0.3 16 897 1927 32 BSN NL 84 208 5 2 0 -2 -2 3 0.3 6 10 1.0 .504 .502 1.2 -0.4 12 98/7 1928 33 BSN NL 96 292 -5 1 0 -1 -2 -7 -0.8 9 2 0.1 .492 .495 0.3 -0.4 3 87/9 1929 34 BSN NL 19 24 -2 0 0 -2 0 -4 -0.4 1 -3 -0.3 .481 .498 -0.1 -0.2 -1 /897 15 Seasons 1406 5031 22 20 0 -12 -47 -17 -2.9 155 137 13.2 .498 .500 15.0 -6.8 150 STL (12 yrs) 1111 4148 17 16 0 -7 -40 -14 -2.5 128 113 10.8 .498 .500 12.1 -5.5 121 BSN (4 yrs) 295 883 5 4 0 -5 -7 -3 -0.4 27 24 2.4 .499 .500 3.0 -1.3 29 Player News  Add Your Blog Posts Here Player News Archive Player News RSS Feed Sports-Reference.com -- Check out all of the sites in the Sports Reference Family. Standard Fielding  Share & more Modify & Share Table Embed this Table Get as Excel Workbook (experimental) Get table as CSV (for Excel) Strip Mobile Formatting Copy Link to Table to Clipboard About Sharing Tools Video: SR Sharing Tools & How-to Video: Stats Table Tips & Tricks Glossary Year Age Tm Pos Lg G GS CG Inn Ch PO A E DP Fld% RF/9 RF/G lgFld% lgRF9 lgRFG LF-CF-RF Awards 1915 20 STL OF NL 4 4 3 34.0 5 5 0 0 0 1.000 1.32 1.25 .958 2.14 2.13 1915 20 STL LF NL 3 3 2 3 3 0 0 0 1.000 1.00 .963 2.17 1915 20 STL CF NL 1 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 1.000 2.00 .960 2.50 1916 21 STL OF NL 120 100 78 878.0 236 212 12 12 4 .949 2.30 1.87 .967 2.15 2.15 1916 21 STL CF NL 107 95 73 223 200 12 11 4 .951 1.98 .973 2.54 1916 21 STL RF NL 13 5 5 12 11 0 1 0 .917 0.85 .964 1.75 1916 21 STL LF NL 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1.000 0.50 .960 2.15 1917 22 STL OF NL 128 118 101 1042.0 255 233 12 10 6 .961 2.12 1.91 .963 2.20 2.20 1917 22 STL CF NL 65 60 50 142 130 7 5 3 .965 2.11 .968 2.57 1917 22 STL RF NL 37 34 30 65 60 3 2 1 .969 1.70 .955 1.86 1917 22 STL LF NL 27 24 21 48 43 2 3 0 .938 1.67 .963 2.17 1918 23 STL CF NL 42 42 40 102 86 10 6 5 .941 2.29 .959 2.67 1918 23 STL OF NL 42 42 40 375.0 102 87 9 6 5 .941 2.30 2.29 .962 2.26 2.26 1919 24 STL OF NL 111 103 96 924.0 225 197 19 9 5 .960 2.10 1.95 .964 2.26 2.26 1919 24 STL RF NL 77 74 68 142 117 18 7 5 .951 1.75 .958 1.94 1919 24 STL CF NL 35 29 28 77 74 1 2 0 .974 2.14 .967 2.57 1919 24 STL LF NL 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 2.20 1920 25 STL OF NL 83 72 58 656.0 162 144 12 6 1 .963 2.14 1.88 .964 2.32 2.34 1920 25 STL CF NL 47 40 31 118 105 7 6 2 .949 2.38 .963 2.72 1920 25 STL LF NL 18 17 15 26 24 2 0 0 1.000 1.44 .967 2.18 1920 25 STL RF NL 17 15 12 22 19 3 0 0 1.000 1.29 .960 2.06 1921 26 STL OF NL 103 97 82 833.0 199 179 11 9 3 .955 2.05 1.84 .965 2.41 2.40 1921 26 STL RF NL 87 81 69 151 135 8 8 1 .947 1.64 .964 2.05 1921 26 STL CF NL 19 16 13 49 46 2 1 2 .980 2.53 .967 2.73 1922 27 STL OF NL 136 119 105 1074.0 308 282 11 15 3 .951 2.46 2.15 .962 2.43 2.40 1922 27 STL CF NL 77 64 55 188 170 9 9 2 .952 2.32 .970 2.79 1922 27 STL RF NL 50 42 37 82 77 2 3 1 .963 1.58 .955 2.16 1922 27 STL LF NL 14 13 13 40 36 1 3 0 .925 2.64 .957 2.20 1923 28 STL OF NL 109 95 83 851.0 265 247 11 7 3 .974 2.73 2.37 .964 2.45 2.44 1923 28 STL LF NL 77 70 60 196 183 7 6 1 .969 2.47 .966 2.22 1923 28 STL RF NL 22 18 16 41 38 3 0 2 1.000 1.86 .957 2.14 1923 28 STL CF NL 11 7 7 27 25 1 1 0 .963 2.36 .968 2.90 1924 29 STL OF NL 114 107 98 943.0 278 251 18 9 8 .968 2.57 2.36 .965 2.40 2.39 1924 29 STL RF NL 77 76 71 183 167 10 6 5 .967 2.30 .966 2.06 1924 29 STL LF NL 25 21 18 60 51 7 2 1 .967 2.32 .964 2.24 1924 29 STL CF NL 14 10 9 37 34 2 1 2 .973 2.57 .964 2.85 1925 30 STL OF NL 64 58 45 496.0 166 152 7 7 2 .958 2.89 2.48 .967 2.52 2.48 1925 30 STL CF NL 39 36 28 109 98 4 7 2 .936 2.62 .967 2.91 1925 30 STL RF NL 27 18 14 46 43 3 0 0 1.000 1.70 .966 2.26 1925 30 STL LF NL 5 4 3 11 11 0 0 0 1.000 2.20 .967 2.22 1926 31 BSN OF NL 83 75 71 691.0 220 206 8 6 0 .973 2.79 2.58 .965 2.46 2.42 1926 31 BSN CF NL 59 58 54 181 170 6 5 0 .972 2.98 .964 2.83 1926 31 BSN RF NL 14 10 10 15 14 1 0 0 1.000 1.07 .968 2.19 1926 31 BSN LF NL 10 7 7 21 20 0 1 0 .952 2.00 .960 2.19 1927 32 BSN OF NL 48 37 34 373.0 119 106 7 6 1 .950 2.73 2.35 .970 2.52 2.49 1927 32 BSN RF NL 32 25 24 64 57 2 5 1 .922 1.84 .967 2.24 1927 32 BSN CF NL 14 10 9 46 41 4 1 0 .978 3.21 .972 2.93 1927 32 BSN LF NL 3 2 1 4 4 0 0 0 1.000 1.33 .970 2.23 1928 33 BSN OF NL 65 59 51 520.0 171 165 4 2 0 .988 2.93 2.60 .972 2.48 2.47 1928 33 BSN CF NL 41 37 34 113 108 3 2 0 .982 2.71 .976 2.88 1928 33 BSN LF NL 18 18 15 41 40 1 0 0 1.000 2.28 .971 2.21 1928 33 BSN RF NL 7 4 2 11 11 0 0 0 1.000 1.57 .967 2.24 1929 34 BSN OF NL 9 4 3 45.0 12 10 0 2 0 .833 2.00 1.11 .973 2.52 2.47 1929 34 BSN CF NL 4 3 2 8 7 0 1 0 .875 1.75 .976 2.95 1929 34 BSN RF NL 3 1 1 4 3 0 1 0 .750 1.00 .970 2.37 1929 34 BSN LF NL 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 2.10 15 Seasons OF 1219 1090 948 9735.0 2723 2476 141 106 41 .961 2.42 2.15 .965 2.36 2.35 205-575-463 15 Seasons CF 575 508 434 1422 1296 68 58 22 .959 2.37 .968 2.72 13 Seasons RF 463 403 359 838 752 53 33 16 .961 1.74 .962 2.06 13 Seasons LF 205 179 155 451 416 20 15 2 .967 2.13 .965 2.21 15 Seasons TOT 1219 1090 948 9735.0 2723 2476 141 106 41 .961 2.42 2.15 .965 2.36 2.35 205-575-463 Pos Lg G GS CG Inn Ch PO A E DP Fld% RF/9 RF/G lgFld% lgRF9 lgRFG LF-CF-RF Awards Note: Complete player games played data. Fielding stats are a combination of official records and RetroSheet records. Both are likely to have substantial errors and will not match perfectly. View Complete Notes on Fielding Data Appearances  Share & more Modify & Share Table Embed this Table Get as Excel Workbook (experimental) Get table as CSV (for Excel) Strip Mobile Formatting Copy Link to Table to Clipboard About Sharing Tools Video: SR Sharing Tools & How-to Video: Stats Table Tips & Tricks Glossary Year Age Tm Lg G GS Batting Defense P C 1B 2B 3B SS LF CF RF OF DH PH PR 1915 20 STL NL 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 1916 21 STL NL 130 100 130 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 107 13 120 0 9 3 1917 22 STL NL 137 118 137 128 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 65 37 128 0 9 1 1918 23 STL NL 42 42 42 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 42 0 0 0 1919 24 STL NL 119 104 119 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 78 111 0 2 8 1920 25 STL NL 91 73 91 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 47 18 83 0 9 5 1921 26 STL NL 116 97 116 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 87 103 0 7 8 1922 27 STL NL 143 119 143 136 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 77 50 136 0 16 3 1923 28 STL NL 124 95 124 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 77 11 22 109 0 9 14 1924 29 STL NL 124 107 124 114 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 14 77 114 0 11 6 1925 30 STL NL 80 58 80 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 39 27 64 0 13 5 1926 31 BSN NL 96 76 96 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 59 15 83 0 11 3 1926 31 STL NL 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1927 32 BSN NL 84 37 84 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 32 48 0 35 4 1928 33 BSN NL 98 59 98 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 41 7 66 0 32 1 1929 34 BSN NL 19 4 19 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 9 0 5 7 15 Seasons 1408 1093 1408 1220 0 0 0 0 0 0 205 575 466 1220 0 169 68 Appearances table is calculated solely from full RetroSheet play-by-play data available from 1973 on. A combination of RetroSheet (starting with the 1904 season) and non-RetroSheet data is used for other seasons. Appearances on Leaderboards, Awards, and Honors  Expand all Leaderboards Batting Average 2 Seasons in Top 10 Slugging % 1917 NL  .398 (9th) On-Base Plus Slugging 1917 NL  .750 (9th) Runs Scored 3 Seasons in Top 10 Triples 1922 NL  12 (9th) Strikeouts 1917 NL  65 (5th) Stolen Bases 7 Seasons in Top 10 Adjusted OPS+ 1917 NL  132 (9th) Adj. Batting Runs 1917 NL  17 (10th) Adj. Batting Wins 1917 NL  2.0 (10th) Offensive Win % 2 Seasons in Top 10 Caught Stealing 1924 NL  16 (8th) Power-Speed # 1922 NL  11.1 (9th) AB per HR 1916 NL  59.5 (5th) Errors Committed as LF (s.1904) 1923 NL  6 (5th) Assists as CF (s.1904) Career  68 (92nd) 2 Seasons in Top 10 Errors Committed as CF (s.1904) Career  58 (55th) 2 Seasons in Top 10 Double Plays Turned as CF (s.1904) Career  22 (57th) 6 Seasons in Top 10 Def. Games as RF (s.1904) 1921 NL  87 (5th) Assists as RF (s.1904) 3 Seasons in Top 10 Errors Committed as RF (s.1904) 2 Seasons in Top 10 Double Plays Turned as RF (s.1904) 1924 NL  5 (1st) 2 Seasons in Top 10 Assists as OF 1924 NL  18 (3rd) Errors Committed as OF 2 Seasons in Top 10 Double Plays Turned as OF 1924 NL  8 (1st) Career  41 (66th) 4 Seasons in Top 10 Range Factor/Game as LF (s.1904) 1923 NL  2.47 (1st) Range Factor/Game as RF (s.1904) 1924 NL  2.30 (1st) Range Factor/9Inn as OF 1924 NL  2.57 (5th) Youngest 1915 NL  born 1895-06-23 (8th) Hall of Fame Statistics  Gray Ink   Batting - 35 (743), Average HOFer ≈ 144 Hall of Fame Monitor   Batting - 10 (1255), Likely HOFer ≈ 100 Hall of Fame Standards   Batting - 15 (1168), Average HOFer ≈ 50 JAWS   Center Field (205th):     13.2 career WAR / 14.1 7yr-peak WAR / 13.7 JAWS   Average HOF CF (out of 19):     71.3 career WAR / 44.7 7yr-peak WAR / 58.0 JAWS he Atlanta Braves, a current Major League Baseball franchise, originated in Boston, Massachusetts. This article details the history of the Boston Braves, from 1871 to 1952, after which they moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin to become the Milwaukee Braves, and then eventually to Atlanta to become the Atlanta Braves. The Boston franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952. Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University. The franchise, from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta, is the oldest continuous professional baseball franchise.[2] Contents 1 History 2 1914: Miracle 3 1915–1935: Losing years 4 Babe Ruth to Boston Braves 5 1936–1941: The Bees 6 1948: National League champions 7 Sam Jethroe 8 Move to Milwaukee and after 9 Notable Boston Braves 10 References History The Cincinnati Red Stockings in 1868, one year before they turned into a professional league fully . The Cincinnati Red Stockings, established in 1869 as the first openly all-professional baseball team, voted to dissolve after the 1870 season. Player-manager Harry Wright then went to Boston, Massachusetts—at the invitation of Boston Red Stockings founder Ivers Whitney Adams—with brother George and two other Cincinnati players, to form the nucleus of the Boston Red Stockings, a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. The original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing team in American professional sports.[3] (The only other team that has been organized as long, the Chicago Cubs, did not play for the two years following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.) Two young players hired away from the Forest City club of Rockford, Illinois, turned out to be the biggest stars during the NAPBBP years: pitcher Al Spalding (founder of Spalding sporting goods) and second baseman Ross Barnes. The 1888 Boston Beaneaters team Led by the Wright brothers, Barnes, and Spalding, the Red Stockings dominated the National Association, winning four of that league's five championships. The team became one of the National League's charter franchises in 1876, sometimes called the "Red Caps" (as a new Cincinnati Red Stockings club was another charter member). Boston came to be called the Beaneaters by sportswriters in 1883, while retaining red as the team color. King Kelly cigarette card (Goodwin & Company, 1888) Although somewhat stripped of talent in the National League's inaugural year, Boston bounced back to win the 1877 and 1878 pennants. The Red Caps/Beaneaters were one of the league's dominant teams during the 19th century, winning a total of eight pennants. For most of that time, their manager was Frank Selee, the first manager not to double as a player as well. The 1898 team finished 102-47, a club record for wins that would stand for almost a century. The team was decimated when the upstart American League's new Boston entry set up shop in 1901. Many of the Beaneaters' stars jumped to the new team, which offered contracts that the Beaneaters' owners didn't even bother to match. They only managed one winning season from 1900 to 1913, and lost 100 or more games six times. In 1907, the Beaneaters (temporarily) eliminated the last bit of red from their stockings because their manager thought the red dye could cause wounds to become infected (as noted in The Sporting News Baseball Guide during the 1940s when each team's entry had a history of its nickname(s). See details in History of baseball team nicknames). The American League club's owner, Charles Taylor, wasted little time in changing his team's name to the Red Sox in place of the generic "Americans". When George and John Dovey acquired the club in 1907, the team earned the sobriquet Doves; when purchased by William Hepburn Russell in 1911 punning reporters tried out Rustlers. However, clever monikers did nothing to change the National League club's luck. The team adopted an official name, the Braves, for the first time in 1912. Their owner, James Gaffney, was a member of New York City's political machine, Tammany Hall, which used an Indian chief as their symbol. 1914: Miracle Main article: 1914 Boston Braves season The team that won their first World Series in 1914 Two years later, the Braves put together one of the most memorable seasons in baseball history. After a dismal 4-18 start, the Braves seemed to be on pace for a last place finish. On July 4, 1914, the Braves lost both games of a doubleheader to the Brooklyn Dodgers. The consecutive losses put their record at 26-40 and the Braves were in last place, 15 games behind the league-leading New York Giants, who had won the previous three league pennants. After a day off, the Braves started to put together a hot streak, and from July 6 through September 5, the Braves won 41 games against only 12 losses. [1] On September 7 and 8, the Braves took 2 of 3 from the New York Giants and moved into first place. The Braves tore through September and early October, closing with 25 wins against 6 losses, while the Giants went 16-16. [2] They are the only team to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July. They were in last place as late as July 18, but were close to the pack, moving into fourth on July 21 and second place on August 12. Despite their amazing comeback, the Braves entered the World Series as a heavy underdog to Connie Mack's Philadelphia A's. Nevertheless, the Braves swept the Athletics—the first unqualified sweep in the young history of the modern World Series (the 1907 Series had one tied game)--to win the world championship. Meanwhile, former Chicago Cubs infielder Johnny Evers, in his second season with the Braves, won the Chalmers Award. The Braves played the World Series (as well as the last few weeks of the 1914 regular season) at Fenway Park, since their normal home, the South End Grounds, was too small. However, the Braves' success inspired owner Gaffney to build a modern park, Braves Field, which opened in August 1915. It was the largest park in the majors at the time, with 40,000 seats and also a very spacious outfield. The park was novel for its time; public transportation brought fans right into the park. Fenway Park on October 12, 1914, for the third game of the 1914 World Series 1915–1935: Losing years Rogers Hornsby (1928) After contending for most of 1915 and 1916, the Braves only twice posted winning records from 1917 to 1932. The lone highlight of those years came when Giants' attorney Emil Fuchs bought the team in 1923 to bring his longtime friend, pitching great Christy Mathewson, back into the game. Although original plans called for Mathewson to be the principal owner, he had never recovered from tuberculosis that he'd contracted after being gassed during World War I. By the end of the 1923 season, it was obvious Mathewson couldn't continue even in a reduced role, and he turned over the presidency to Fuchs. (Mathewson died two years later). In 1928, the Braves traded for Hall of Famer Rogers Hornsby who had a very productive year in his only season with Boston. He batted .387 to win his seventh and final batting championship. Fuchs was committed to building a winner, but the damage from the years prior to his arrival took some time to overcome. The Braves finally managed to compete in 1933 and 1934 under manager Bill McKechnie, but Fuchs' revenue was severely depleted due to the Great Depression. Babe Ruth to Boston Braves Looking for a way to get more fans and more money, Fuchs worked out a deal with the New York Yankees to acquire Babe Ruth, who had, coincidentally, started his career with the Red Sox. Fuchs named Ruth vice president and assistant manager of the Braves, and promised him a share of team profits. He was also to be consulted on all player transactions. Fuchs even suggested that Ruth, who had long had his heart set on managing, could take over as manager once McKechnie stepped down—perhaps as early as 1936.[4] At first, it looked like Ruth was the final piece the team needed in 1935. On opening day, he had a hand in all of the Braves' runs in a 4-2 win over the Giants. However, that proved to be the highest the Braves were over .500 all year. Events went downhill quickly. A 4–20 May ended any realistic chance of contention. Ruth's deterioration mirrored that of the team. While his high living of previous years had begun catching up with him a year earlier, his conditioning rapidly declined in the first month of 1935. While he was still able to hit at first, he could do little else. He could no longer run, and his fielding was so terrible that three of the Braves' pitchers threatened to go on strike if Ruth were in the lineup. Ruth soon discovered that he was vice president and assistant manager in name only, and Fuchs' promise of a share of team profits was hot air. In fact, Ruth discovered that Fuchs expected him to invest some of his money in the team.[4] Seeing a franchise in complete disarray, Ruth retired on June 1--only six days after he clouted, in what remains one of the most memorable afternoons in baseball history, what turned out to be the last three home runs of his career. He'd wanted to quit as early as May 12, but Fuchs wanted him to hang on so he could play in every National League park.[4] By this time, the Braves were 9-27, their season all but over. They ultimately finished 38-115, easily the worst season in franchise history. Their .248 winning percentage is the third-worst in baseball history, and the second-worst in National League history (behind only the 1899 Cleveland Spiders). 1936–1941: The Bees Insolvent like his team, Fuchs was forced to give up control of the Braves in August 1935,[4] and the new owners tried to change the team's image by renaming it the Boston Bees. This did little to change the team's fortunes. After five uneven years, a new owner, construction magnate Lou Perini, changed the nickname back to the Braves. 1948: National League champions Warren Spahn (1952) In 1948, the team won the pennant, behind the pitching of Warren Spahn and Johnny Sain, who won 39 games between them. The remainder of the rotation was so thin that in September, Boston Post writer Gerald Hern wrote this poem about the pair: First we'll use Spahn then we'll use Sain Then an off day followed by rain Back will come Spahn followed by Sain And followed we hope by two days of rain. The poem received such a wide audience that the sentiment, usually now paraphrased as "Spahn, Sain, then pray for rain" or "Spahn, Sain and two days of rain", entered the baseball vocabulary. Ironically, in the 1948 season, the Braves actually had a better record in games that Spahn and Sain did not start than in games they did. (Other sources include pitcher Vern Bickford in the verse.) The Braves lost the 1948 World Series in six games to the Indians (who had beaten the Red Sox in a one-game playoff to spoil an all-Boston World Series). This turned out to be the Braves' last hurrah in Boston. Sam Jethroe Acquired earlier by trade from the Brooklyn Dodgers, on April 18, 1950, Sam "Jet" Jethroe was added to the Boston Braves roster. The Dodgers had another young CF in Duke Snider rising in their system, resulting in the trade to the Braves.[5] Going on to be named National League Rookie of the Year at age 32, Jethroe broke the color barrier with Boston. In 1950, Jethroe hit .273 with 100 runs, 18 home runs and 58 RBI. His 35 stolen bases led the National League, a feat he would duplicate in 1951. While in Boston, Jethroe was roommates with Chuck Cooper, of the Boston Celtics who was the first African-American player drafted by an NBA team.[5] A former Negro League star and military veteran, Jethroe remains the oldest player to have won Rookie of the Year honors.[6][7] Move to Milwaukee and after With the rise of Ted Williams for the Red Sox, it became clear the Braves were no longer Boston's #1 team. Amid four mediocre seasons after 1948, attendance steadily dwindled, even though Braves Field had the reputation of being more family friendly than Fenway. For a half century, the major leagues had not had a single franchise relocation.[8] The Braves played their last home game in Boston on September 21, 1952, losing to the Brooklyn Dodgers 8–2 before 8,822 at Braves Field; the home attendance for the 1952 season was under 282,000.[8] On March 13, 1953, owner Lou Perini said that he would seek permission from the National League to move the Braves to Milwaukee.[9] After the franchise’s long history in Boston, the day became known as “Black Friday” in the city as fans mourned the team’s exit after eight decades. Perini, however, pointed to dwindling attendance as the main reason for the relocation. He also announced that he had recently bought out his original partners. He announced Milwaukee as that is where the Braves had their top farm club, the Brewers. Milwaukee had long been a possible target for relocation. Bill Veeck had tried to move his St. Louis Browns there earlier the same year (Milwaukee was the original home of that franchise), but his proposal had been voted down by the other American League owners. Going into spring training in 1953, it appeared that the Braves would play another year in Boston. However, during a game against the New York Yankees on March 18th, the sale was announced final and that the team would move to Milwaukee, immediately.[10][11] The All-Star Game had been scheduled for Braves Field. It was moved to Crosley Field and hosted by the Cincinnati Reds.[11] The Braves franchise moved their triple-A Brewers from Milwaukee to Toledo, Ohio.[12] After the Braves moved to Milwaukee in 1953, the Braves Field site was sold to Boston University and reconstructed as Nickerson Field, the home of many Boston University teams. The Braves Field scoreboard was sold to the Kansas City A's and used at Municipal Stadium; the A's moved to Oakland after the 1967 season.[13] Notable Boston Braves Source:[14] Earl Averill, Boston Braves (1941), HOF (1975) Dave Bancroft, Boston Braves (1924–27), HOF (1971) Alvin Dark, Boston Braves (1946–49), ROY (1948) Bob Elliott, Boston Braves (1947–51), NL MVP (1947) Johnny Evers, Boston Braves (1914–17, 1929), HOF (1946) Hank Gowdy, Boston Braves (1911–1917, 1919–1923 and 1929–1930) Burleigh Grimes, Boston Braves (1930), HOF (1964) Billy Herman, Boston Braves (1946), HOF (1975) Rogers Hornsby, Boston Braves (1928), HOF (1942) Sam Jethroe, Boston Braves (1950–52) ROY (1950) Ernie Lombardi, Boston Braves (1942), HOF (1986) Al López, Boston Bees (1936–40), HOF (1977) Bill McKechnie, Boston Braves (1913, Manager 1930-37), HOF (1962) Rabbit Maranville, Boston Braves (1912–20, 1929–35), HOF (1954) Eddie Mathews, Boston/Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves (1952–66), HOF (1978) Christy Mathewson, Owner/Executive, Boston Braves (1922–25), HOF as Player (1936) Rube Marquard, Boston Braves (1922–25), HOF (1971) Joe Medwick, Boston Braves (1945), HOF (1968) Babe Ruth, Boston Braves (1935), HOF (1936) Al Simmons, Boston Braves (1939), HOF (1953) George Sisler, Boston Braves (1928–30), HOF (1939) Billy Southworth, Boston Braves (1921–23, Manager 1946-49, 1950–51), HOF (2008) Warren Spahn, Boston Braves Boston/Milwaukee Braves (1942, 1946–64), HOF (1973) Casey Stengel, Boston Braves (1924–25, Manager 1938–43), HOF (1966) Ed Walsh, Boston Braves (1917), HOF (1946) Lloyd Waner, Boston Braves (1941), HOF (1967) Paul Waner, Boston Braves (1941–42), HOF (1952) Boston (US: /ˈbɔːstən/),[4] officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th-most populous city in the country.[5] The city boundaries encompass an area of about 48.4 sq mi (125 km2)[6] and a population of 675,647 as of 2020.[7][8] It is the seat of Suffolk County (although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999).[9] The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the country.[10] A broader combined statistical area (CSA), generally corresponding to the commuting area[11] and including Providence, Rhode Island, is home to approximately 8.2 million people, making it the sixth most populous in the United States.[12] Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in America, founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name.[13][14] It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution and the nation's founding, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture.[15][16] The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year.[17] Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park (Boston Common, 1634), first public or state school (Boston Latin School, 1635)[18] first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897),[19] and first large public library (Boston Public Library, 1848). Today, Boston is a center of scientific research; the area's many colleges and universities, notably Harvard and MIT, make it a world leader in higher education,[20] including law, medicine, engineering and business, and the city is considered to be a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship, with nearly 5,000 startups.[21][22][23] Boston's economic base also includes finance,[24] professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities.[25] Boston is a hub for LGBT culture and LGBT activism in the United States. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States.[26] Boston businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and new investment.[27] Contents 1 History 1.1 Indigenous era 1.2 Founding by Europeans 1.2.1 The name "Boston" 1.2.2 Puritan occupation 1.3 Revolution and the siege of Boston 1.4 Post-revolution and the War of 1812 1.5 19th century 1.6 20th century 1.7 21st century 2 Geography 2.1 Neighborhoods 2.2 Climate 2.3 Cityscapes 3 Demographics 3.1 Ancestry 3.2 Demographic breakdown by ZIP Code 3.2.1 Income 3.3 Religion 4 Economy 5 Education 5.1 Primary and secondary education 5.2 Higher education 6 Healthcare 7 Public safety 8 Culture 9 Environment 9.1 Pollution control 9.2 Water purity and availability 9.3 Climate change and sea level rise 10 Sports 11 Parks and recreation 12 Government and politics 13 Media 13.1 Newspapers 13.2 Radio and television 13.3 Film 13.4 Video games 14 Infrastructure 14.1 Transportation 15 International relations 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 18.1 Citations 18.2 Sources 19 Further reading 20 External links History Main article: History of Boston For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Boston. Indigenous era Prior to European colonization, the region around modern-day Boston was inhabited by the indigenous Massachusett. Their habitation consisted of small, seasonal communities. The people who lived in the area most likely moved between inland winter homes along the Charles River (called Quinobequin, meaning "meandering," by the Native people) and summer communities on the coast. Game was more easily hunted inland during bare-tree seasons and fishing shoals and shellfish beds were most easily exploited during the summer months.[28][29] Being surrounded by foul-smelling mudflats during the temperate part of the year, the Shawmut Peninsula itself was more sparsely occupied than its surroundings before the arrival of Europeans. Nevertheless, archeological excavations have revealed one of the oldest fishweirs in New England on Boylston Street. Native people constructed this weir to trap fish as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the Western Hemisphere.[29][28][29][30] Founding by Europeans The first European to live in what would become Boston was a Cambridge-educated Episcopalian cleric named William Blaxton. He was the person most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by Puritan colonizers in 1630. This occurred after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, Isaac Johnson to cross Back Bay from the failing colony of Charlestown and share the peninsula. This the Puritans did in September 1630.[31][32][33] The name "Boston" Before dying on 30 September 1630, one of Johnson's last official acts as the leader of the Charlestown community was to name their new settlement across the river "Boston." He named the settlement after his hometown in Lincolnshire, the place from which he, his wife (namesake of the Arbella) and John Cotton (grandfather of Cotton Mather) had emigrated to New England. The name of the English city ultimately derives from that town's patron saint, St. Botolph, in whose church John Cotton served as the rector until his emigration with Johnson. In early sources the Lincolnshire Boston was known as "St. Botolph's town", later contracted to "Boston". Before this renaming the settlement on the peninsula had been known as "Shawmut" by Blaxton and "Trimountain" by the Puritan settlers he had invited.[34][35][36][37][38][39] Puritan occupation The Puritan influence on Boston began even before its foundation, with the 1629 Cambridge Agreement. This document created the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was signed by its first governor John Winthrop. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced the early history of the city. America's first public school, Boston Latin School, was founded in Boston in 1635.[18][40] John Hull and the pine tree shilling played a central role in the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Old South Church in the 1600s. In 1652 the Massachusetts legislature authorized John Hull to produce coinage. "The Hull Mint produced several denominations of silver coinage, including the pine tree shilling, for over 30 years until the political and economic situation made operating the mint no longer practical."[41] King Charles II for reasons which were mostly political deemed the "Hull Mint" high treason which had a punishment of being hanged, drawn and quartered. "On April 6, 1681, Edward Randolph petitioned the king, informing him the colony was still pressing their own coins which he saw as high treason and believed it was enough to void the charter. He asked that a writ of Quo warranto (a legal action requiring the defendant to show what authority they have for exercising some right, power, or franchise they claim to hold) be issued against Massachusetts for the violations."[42] Boston was the largest town in the Thirteen Colonies until Philadelphia outgrew it in the mid-18th century.[43] Boston's oceanfront location made it a lively port, and the city primarily engaged in shipping and fishing during its colonial days. However, Boston stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly.[44][45] Revolution and the siege of Boston Main articles: Boston campaign and Siege of Boston In 1773, a group of angered Bostonian citizens threw a shipment of tea by the East India Company into Boston Harbor as a response to the Tea Act, in an event known as the Boston Tea Party. The weather continuing boisterous the next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter. William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, in a letter to William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, about the British army's decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776.[46] Map of Boston in 1775 Map showing a British tactical evaluation of Boston in 1775. Many crucial events of the American Revolution[47] occurred in or near Boston. The city's mob presence along with the colonists' growing lack of faith in either Britain or its Parliament fostered a revolutionary spirit in the city.[44] When the British parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of Andrew Oliver, the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and Thomas Hutchinson, then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.[44][48] The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists. In 1770, during the Boston Massacre, British troops shot into a crowd that had started to violently harass them. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America.[45] In 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act. Many of the colonists saw the act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the Townshend Acts. The act prompted the Boston Tea Party, where a group of angered Bostonian citizens threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company into Boston Harbor. The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the Coercive Acts, demanding compensation for the destroyed tea from the Bostonians.[44] This angered the colonists further and led to the American Revolutionary War. The war began in the area surrounding Boston with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.[44][49] Boston itself was besieged for almost a year during the siege of Boston, which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the British Army. Sir William Howe, then the commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured the Charlestown peninsula in Boston, during the Battle of Bunker Hill. The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a pyrrhic victory for the British because their army suffered irreplaceable casualties. It was also a testament to the skill and training of the militia, as their stubborn defence made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering further irreplaceable casualties.[50][51] Several weeks later, George Washington took over the militia after the Continental Congress established the Continental Army to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, Rufus Putnam, came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised this effort, which successfully installed both the fortifications and dozens of cannon on Dorchester Heights that Henry Knox had laboriously brought through the snow from Fort Ticonderoga. The astonished British awoke the next morning to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. The British Army attempted a cannon barrage for two hours, but their shot could not reach the colonists' cannons at such a height. The British gave up, boarded their ships and sailed away. Boston still celebrates "Evacuation Day" each year. Washington was so impressed, he made Rufus Putnam his chief engineer.[49][50][52] Post-revolution and the War of 1812 Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It, 1860, by J.W. Black, the first recorded aerial photograph After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (adopted during the Napoleonic Wars) and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.[53] State Street, 1801 During this period, Boston flourished culturally, as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage,[54][55] with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.[56] They are often associated with the American upper class, Harvard University;[57] and the Episcopal Church.[58][59] Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island.[60] Boston eventually became a center of the abolitionist movement.[61] The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850,[62] contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.[63][64] In 1822,[15] the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the "Town of Boston" to the "City of Boston", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the city.[65] At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only4.8 sq mi (12 km2).[65] 19th century Painting with a body of water with sailing ships in the foreground and a city in the background View of downtown Boston from Dorchester Heights, 1841 Tremont Street, 1843 In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Great Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston.[66] In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians,[67] French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settling in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. Italians became the largest inhabitants of the North End,[68] Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community,[69] and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.[70] Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront.[71] The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Bulfinch Triangle and Haymarket Square. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown.[citation needed] The Old City Hall was home to the Boston city council from 1865 to 1969. General view of Boston, by J. J. Hawes, c. 1860s–1880s Colored print image of a city square in the 1900s Haymarket Square, 1909 After the Great Boston fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (240 ha) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present-day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present-day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present-day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912).[72][73] Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge,[74] and Chelsea.[75][76] 20th century Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox, opened in 1912.[77]  Many architecturally significant buildings were built during these early years of the 20th century: Horticultural Hall,[78] the Tennis and Racquet Club,[79] Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum,[80] Fenway Studios,[81] Jordan Hall,[82] and the Boston Opera House.  The Longfellow Bridge,[83] built in 1906, was mentioned by Robert McCloskey in Make Way for Ducklings, describing its "salt and pepper shakers" feature.[84] Logan International Airport opened on September 8, 1923.[85] The Boston Bruins were founded in 1924 and played their first game at Boston Garden in November 1928.[86] Boston went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.[87] Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects, under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced.[88] The BRA continued implementing eminent domain projects, including the clearance of the vibrant Scollay Square area for construction of the modernist style Government Center. In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the Dorchester neighborhood, the first Community Health Center in the United States. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.[89] The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments.[90] By the 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this period.[91] This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the Boston Architectural College, Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Northeastern University, Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music, the Boston Conservatory, and many others attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.[92] 21st century Back Bay neighborhood Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions,[93] including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004.[94] Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both merged into the New York City–based Macy's.[95] The 1993 acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times[96] was reversed in 2013 when it was re-sold to Boston businessman John W. Henry. In 2016, it was announced General Electric would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the Seaport District in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century,[97] with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s.[98] On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers detonated a pair of bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264.[99] In 2016, Boston briefly shouldered a bid as the US applicant for the 2024 Summer Olympics. The bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition.[100] The USOC then selected Los Angeles to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the 2028 Summer Olympics.[101] Geography Aerial view of the Boston area from space Boston as seen from ESA Sentinel-2. Boston Harbor, at the center, has made Boston a major shipping port since its founding. Boston has an area of 89.63 sq mi (232.1 km2)—48.4 sq mi (125.4 km2) (54%) of land and41.2 sq mi (106.7 km2) (46%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level.[102] The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 ft (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level.[103] Boston is situated on Boston Harbor, an arm of Massachusetts Bay, itself an arm of the Atlantic Ocean. The geographical center of Boston is in Roxbury. Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End. — author, Unknown – A common local colloquialism Panoramic map of Boston (1877) Boston is surrounded by the Greater Boston metropolitan region. It is bordered to the east by the town of Winthrop and the Boston Harbor Islands, to the northeast by the cities of Revere, Chelsea and Everett, to the north by the cities of Somerville and Cambridge, to the northwest by Watertown, to the west by the city of Newton and town of Brookline, to the southwest by the town of Dedham and small portions of Needham and Canton, and to the southeast by the town of Milton, and the city of Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston's Allston-Brighton, Fenway-Kenmore and Back Bay neighborhoods from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and Quincy and Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Downtown, the North End, and the Seaport.[104] Neighborhoods Main article: Neighborhoods in Boston 200 Clarendon Street is the tallest building in Boston, with a roof height of 790 ft (240 m). Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods.[105] More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries,[71] with earth from leveling or lowering Boston's three original hills (the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named) and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay.[16] Downtown and its immediate surroundings consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings (often Federal style and Greek Revival) interspersed with modern highrises, in the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston.[106] Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England's two tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center.[107] Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon, the color of which forecasts the weather.[108] Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US.[109] The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (known unofficially as the "Big Dig") which removed the elevated Central Artery and incorporated new green spaces and open areas.[110] Climate Autumn foliage with a city skyline in the distant background Boston's skyline in the background, with fall foliage in the foreground Boston Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D   3.4  3723   3.2  3925   4.2  4631   3.6  5641   3.3  6750   3.9  7660   3.3  8266   3.2  8065   3.6  7358   4  6248   3.7  5238   4.3  4229 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches Metric conversion Under the Köppen climate classification, depending on the isotherm used, Boston has either a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) under the −3 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm or a humid continental climate under the 0 °C isotherm (Köppen Dfa).[111] The city is best described as being in a transitional zone between the two climates. Summers are typically warm and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool to mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. However, in winter areas near the immediate coast will often see more rain than snow as warm air is drawn off the Atlantic at times.[112] The city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods).[113] The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 74.1 °F (23.4 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively.[114] The most recent sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on January 7, 2018, when the temperature dipped down to −2 °F (−19 °C).[114] In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings, with the most recent such occurrence on July 22, 2011, when the temperature reached 103 °F (39 °C).[114] The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[114][b] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 2, 1975, and July 21, 2019.[115][114] A graph of cumulative winter snowfall at Logan International Airport from 1938 to 2015. The four winters with the most snowfall are highlighted. The snowfall data, which was collected by NOAA, is from the weather station at the airport. Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain.[112] The city averages 43.6 in (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 49.2 in (125 cm) of snowfall per season.[114] Most snowfall occurs from mid-November through early April, and snow is rare in May and October.[116][117] There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[114][c] Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its location along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.[118][119] Thunderstorms occur from May to September, which are occasionally severe with large hail, damaging winds, and heavy downpours.[112] Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent tornado, the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.[120] Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude, averaging over 2,600 hours of sunshine per annum. vte Climate data for Boston, Massachusetts (Logan Airport), 1991−2020 normals,[d] extremes 1872−present[e] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 74 (23) 73 (23) 89 (32) 94 (34) 97 (36) 100 (38) 104 (40) 102 (39) 102 (39) 90 (32) 83 (28) 76 (24) 104 (40) Mean maximum °F (°C) 58.3 (14.6) 57.9 (14.4) 67.0 (19.4) 79.9 (26.6) 88.1 (31.2) 92.2 (33.4) 95.0 (35.0) 93.7 (34.3) 88.9 (31.6) 79.6 (26.4) 70.2 (21.2) 61.2 (16.2) 96.4 (35.8) Average high °F (°C) 36.8 (2.7) 39.0 (3.9) 45.5 (7.5) 56.4 (13.6) 66.5 (19.2) 76.2 (24.6) 82.1 (27.8) 80.4 (26.9) 73.1 (22.8) 62.1 (16.7) 51.6 (10.9) 42.2 (5.7) 59.3 (15.2) Daily mean °F (°C) 29.9 (−1.2) 31.8 (−0.1) 38.3 (3.5) 48.6 (9.2) 58.4 (14.7) 68.0 (20.0) 74.1 (23.4) 72.7 (22.6) 65.6 (18.7) 54.8 (12.7) 44.7 (7.1) 35.7 (2.1) 51.9 (11.1) Average low °F (°C) 23.1 (−4.9) 24.6 (−4.1) 31.1 (−0.5) 40.8 (4.9) 50.3 (10.2) 59.7 (15.4) 66.0 (18.9) 65.1 (18.4) 58.2 (14.6) 47.5 (8.6) 37.9 (3.3) 29.2 (−1.6) 44.5 (6.9) Mean minimum °F (°C) 4.8 (−15.1) 8.3 (−13.2) 15.6 (−9.1) 31.0 (−0.6) 41.2 (5.1) 49.7 (9.8) 58.6 (14.8) 57.7 (14.3) 46.7 (8.2) 35.1 (1.7) 24.4 (−4.2) 13.1 (−10.5) 2.6 (−16.3) Record low °F (°C) −13 (−25) −18 (−28) −8 (−22) 11 (−12) 31 (−1) 41 (5) 50 (10) 46 (8) 34 (1) 25 (−4) −2 (−19) −17 (−27) −18 (−28) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.39 (86) 3.21 (82) 4.17 (106) 3.63 (92) 3.25 (83) 3.89 (99) 3.27 (83) 3.23 (82) 3.56 (90) 4.03 (102) 3.66 (93) 4.30 (109) 43.59 (1,107) Average snowfall inches (cm) 14.3 (36) 14.4 (37) 9.0 (23) 1.6 (4.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.51) 0.7 (1.8) 9.0 (23) 49.2 (125) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.8 10.6 11.6 11.6 11.8 10.9 9.4 9.0 9.0 10.5 10.3 11.9 128.4 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 6.6 6.2 4.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 4.2 23.0 Average relative humidity (%) 62.3 62.0 63.1 63.0 66.7 68.5 68.4 70.8 71.8 68.5 67.5 65.4 66.5 Average dew point °F (°C) 16.5 (−8.6) 17.6 (−8.0) 25.2 (−3.8) 33.6 (0.9) 45.0 (7.2) 55.2 (12.9) 61.0 (16.1) 60.4 (15.8) 53.8 (12.1) 42.8 (6.0) 33.4 (0.8) 22.1 (−5.5) 38.9 (3.8) Mean monthly sunshine hours 163.4 168.4 213.7 227.2 267.3 286.5 300.9 277.3 237.1 206.3 143.2 142.3 2,633.6 Percent possible sunshine 56 57 58 57 59 63 65 64 63 60 49 50 59 Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 5 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5 Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961−1990)[122][114][123] Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[124] Climate data for Boston, Massachusetts See or edit raw graph data. Cityscapes Sailboats on the Charles River overlook the Boston skyline, as seen from Cambridge. From left to right: Boston City Hall, the West End, the North End, Charlestown, Boston Harbor, and East Boston Sunset view of the Boston skyline and Charles River Demographics See also: History of the Irish in Boston, History of Italian Americans in Boston, History of African Americans in Boston, Chinese Americans in Boston, Dominican-Americans in Boston, Vietnamese in Boston, and LGBT culture in Boston Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1680 4,500 —     1690 7,000 +55.6% 1700 6,700 −4.3% 1710 9,000 +34.3% 1722 10,567 +17.4% 1742 16,382 +55.0% 1765 15,520 −5.3% 1790 18,320 +18.0% 1800 24,937 +36.1% 1810 33,787 +35.5% 1820 43,298 +28.1% 1830 61,392 +41.8% 1840 93,383 +52.1% 1850 136,881 +46.6% 1860 177,840 +29.9% 1870 250,526 +40.9% 1880 362,839 +44.8% 1890 448,477 +23.6% 1900 560,892 +25.1% 1910 670,585 +19.6% 1920 748,060 +11.6% 1930 781,188 +4.4% 1940 770,816 −1.3% 1950 801,444 +4.0% 1960 697,197 −13.0% 1970 641,071 −8.1% 1980 562,994 −12.2% 1990 574,283 +2.0% 2000 589,141 +2.6% 2010 617,594 +4.8% 2020 675,647 +9.4% *=population estimate. Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data.[125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136] 2010–2020[7] Source: U.S. Decennial Census[137] Map of Boston and the surrounding area displaying per capita income distribution Per capita income in the Greater Boston area, by US Census block group, 2000. The dashed line shows the boundary of the City of Boston. Map of racial distribution in Boston, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other In 2020, Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households[8]—a 12% population increase over 2010. The city is the third-most densely populated large U.S. city of over half a million residents, and the most densely populated state capital. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.[138] In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.9% at age 19 and under, 14.3% from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.[139] There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.[139] From an estimate in 2005, Boston has one of the largest per capita LGBT populations in the United States. The median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[140] Boston has a significant racial wealth gap with White Bostonians having an median net worth of $247,500 compared to an $8 median net worth for non-immigrant Black residents and $0 for Dominican immigrant residents.[141] In 1950, Whites represented 94.7% of Boston's population.[142] From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic Whites in the city declined. In 2000, non-Hispanic Whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority minority for the first time. However, in the 21st century, the city has experienced significant gentrification, during which affluent Whites have moved into formerly non-White areas. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated non-Hispanic Whites again formed a slight majority but as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the non-White population has rebounded. This may also have to do with increased Latin American and Asian populations and more clarity surrounding US Census statistics, which indicate a non-Hispanic White population of 47 percent (some reports give slightly lower figures).[143][144][145] Historical racial/ethnic composition Race/ethnicity 2020[146] 2010[147] 1990[142] 1970[142] 1940[142] Non-Hispanic Whites 44.7% 47.0% 59.0% 79.5%[148] 96.6% Black 22.0% 24.4% 23.8% 16.3% 3.1% Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 19.5% 17.5% 10.8% 2.8%[148] 0.1% Asian 9.7% 8.9% 5.3% 1.3% 0.2% Two or more races 3.2% 3.9% – – – Native American 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% – Chinatown, with its paifang (Chinese: 牌坊) gate, is home to many Chinese and also Vietnamese restaurants. U.S. Navy sailors march in Boston's annual St. Patrick's Day Parade. Irish Americans constitute the largest ethnicity in Boston. Boston gay pride march, held annually in June People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italians, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian and Caribbean ancestry are another sizable group, at over 15%.[149] In Greater Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with 150,000 Dominicans according to 2018 estimates, 134,000 Puerto Ricans, 57,500 Salvadorans, 39,000 Guatemalans, 36,000 Mexicans, and over 35,000 Colombians.[150] East Boston has a diverse Hispanic/Latino population of Salvadorans, Colombians, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, and even Portuguese-speaking people from Portugal and Brazil. Hispanic populations in southwest Boston neighborhoods are mainly made up of Dominicans and Puerto Ricans, usually sharing neighborhoods in this section with African Americans and Blacks with origins from the Caribbean and Africa especially Cape Verdeans and Haitians. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of Dominican Americans.[151] Over 27,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Boston city proper in 2013.[152] Ancestry According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in Boston, Massachusetts are:[153][154] Ancestry Percentage of Boston population Percentage of Massachusetts population Percentage of United States population City-to-State Difference City-to-USA Difference Irish 14.06% 21.16% 10.39% −7.10% 3.67% Italian 8.13% 13.19% 5.39% −5.05% 2.74% other West Indian 6.92% 1.96% 0.90% 4.97% 6.02% Dominican 5.45% 2.60% 0.68% 2.65% 4.57% Puerto Rican 5.27% 4.52% 1.66% 0.75% 3.61% Chinese 4.57% 2.28% 1.24% 2.29% 3.33% German 4.57% 6.00% 14.40% −1.43% −9.83% English 4.54% 9.77% 7.67% −5.23% −3.13% American 4.13% 4.26% 6.89% −0.13% −2.76% Sub-Saharan African 4.09% 2.00% 1.01% 2.09% 3.08% Haitian 3.58% 1.15% 0.31% 2.43% 3.27% Polish 2.48% 4.67% 2.93% −2.19% −0.45% Cape Verdean 2.21% 0.97% 0.03% 1.24% 2.18% French 1.93% 6.82% 2.56% −4.89% −0.63% Vietnamese 1.76% 0.69% 0.54% 1.07% 1.22% Jamaican 1.70% 0.44% 0.34% 1.26% 1.36% Russian 1.62% 1.65% 0.88% −0.03% 0.74% Asian Indian 1.31% 1.39% 1.09% −0.08% 0.22% Scottish 1.30% 2.28% 1.71% −0.98% −0.41% French Canadian 1.19% 3.91% 0.65% −2.71% 0.54% Mexican 1.12% 0.67% 11.96% 0.45% −10.84% Arab 1.10% 1.10% 0.59% 0.00% 0.50% Demographic breakdown by ZIP Code Income See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income Data is from the 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[155][156][157] Rank ZIP code (ZCTA) Per capita income Median household income Median family income Population Number of households 1 02110 (Financial District) $152,007 $123,795 $196,518 1,486 981 2 02199 (Prudential Center) $151,060 $107,159 $146,786 1,290 823 3 02210 (Fort Point) $93,078 $111,061 $223,411 1,905 1,088 4 02109 (North End) $88,921 $128,022 $162,045 4,277 2,190 5 02116 (Back Bay/Bay Village) $81,458 $87,630 $134,875 21,318 10,938 6 02108 (Beacon Hill/Financial District) $78,569 $95,753 $153,618 4,155 2,337 7 02114 (Beacon Hill/West End) $65,865 $79,734 $169,107 11,933 6,752 8 02111 (Chinatown/Financial District/Leather District) $56,716 $44,758 $88,333 7,616 3,390 9 02129 (Charlestown) $56,267 $89,105 $98,445 17,052 8,083 10 02467 (Chestnut Hill) $53,382 $113,952 $148,396 22,796 6,351 11 02113 (North End) $52,905 $64,413 $112,589 7,276 4,329 12 02132 (West Roxbury) $44,306 $82,421 $110,219 27,163 11,013 13 02118 (South End) $43,887 $50,000 $49,090 26,779 12,512 14 02130 (Jamaica Plain) $42,916 $74,198 $95,426 36,866 15,306 15 02127 (South Boston) $42,854 $67,012 $68,110 32,547 14,994 Massachusetts $35,485 $66,658 $84,380 6,560,595 2,525,694 Boston $33,589 $53,136 $63,230 619,662 248,704 Suffolk County $32,429 $52,700 $61,796 724,502 287,442 16 02135 (Brighton) $31,773 $50,291 $62,602 38,839 18,336 17 02131 (Roslindale) $29,486 $61,099 $70,598 30,370 11,282 United States $28,051 $53,046 $64,585 309,138,711 115,226,802 18 02136 (Hyde Park) $28,009 $57,080 $74,734 29,219 10,650 19 02134 (Allston) $25,319 $37,638 $49,355 20,478 8,916 20 02128 (East Boston) $23,450 $49,549 $49,470 41,680 14,965 21 02122 (Dorchester-Fields Corner) $23,432 $51,798 $50,246 25,437 8,216 22 02124 (Dorchester-Codman Square-Ashmont) $23,115 $48,329 $55,031 49,867 17,275 23 02125 (Dorchester-Uphams Corner-Savin Hill) $22,158 $42,298 $44,397 31,996 11,481 24 02163 (Allston-Harvard Business School) $21,915 $43,889 $91,190 1,842 562 25 02115 (Back Bay, Longwood, Museum of Fine Arts/Symphony Hall area) $21,654 $23,677 $50,303 29,178 9,958 26 02126 (Mattapan) $20,649 $43,532 $52,774 27,335 9,510 27 02215 (Fenway-Kenmore) $19,082 $30,823 $72,583 23,719 7,995 28 02119 (Roxbury) $18,998 $27,051 $35,311 24,237 9,769 29 02121 (Dorchester-Mount Bowdoin) $18,226 $30,419 $35,439 26,801 9,739 30 02120 (Mission Hill) $17,390 $32,367 $29,583 13,217 4,509 Religion Old South Church, a United Church of Christ congregation first organized in 1669 According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 25% attending a variety of Protestant churches and 29% professing Roman Catholic beliefs;[158][159] 33% claim no religious affiliation, while the remaining 10% are composed of adherents of Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Baháʼí and other faiths. As of 2010, the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Greater Boston area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The United Church of Christ had 55,000 members and 213 churches.[160] The city has a Jewish population of an estimated 248,000 Jews within the Boston metro area.[161] More than half of Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, Brookline, Newton, Cambridge, Somerville, or adjacent towns.[161] Economy See also: Major companies in Greater Boston Top publicly traded Boston companies for 2018 (ranked by revenues) with City and U.S. ranks Source: Fortune 500[162] Bos. Corporation US Revenue (in millions) 1 General Electric 18 $122,274 2 Liberty Mutual 68 $42,687 3 State Street 259 $11,774 4 American Tower 419 $6,663.9 Top City Employers Source: MA Executive Office of Labor and Workforce Development[163] Rank Company/Organization 1 Brigham and Women's Hospital 2 Massachusetts General Hospital 3 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 4 Boston Children's Hospital 5 Boston Medical Center 6 Boston University School of Medicine 7 Boston University 8 Floating Hospital for Children 9 John Hancock Life Insurance Co. 10 Liberty Mutual Group Inc. Distribution of Greater Boston NECTA Labor Force (2016)[164]   Nat'l resources & mining (0%)   Construction (5%)   Manufacturing (8%)   Trade, transportation & utilities (15%)   Information (3%)   Finance & real estate (8%)   Professional & business services (15%)   Educational & health services (28%)   Leisure & hospitality (9%)   Other services (4%)   Government (4%) A global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world.[165] Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world.[166] Boston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.[167][168] The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country.[169] Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.[170] The city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of academia, access to venture capital, and the presence of many high-tech companies.[22][171] The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[172] and high technology remains an important sector. Tourism also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011.[173] Excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.[174] Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.[175] The city is a major seaport along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the Western Hemisphere.[176] In the 2018 Global Financial Centres Index, Boston was ranked as having the thirteenth most competitive financial services center in the world and the second most competitive in the United States.[177] Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States.[178][179] The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center[180]—Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press and Beacon Press. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major convention centers—the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, and the Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront.[181] The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education.[182] Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including Converse, New Balance, and Reebok. Rockport, Puma and Wolverine World Wide, Inc. headquarters or regional offices[183] are just outside the city.[184] In 2019, a yearly ranking of time wasted in traffic listed Boston area drivers lost approximately 164 hours a year in lost productivity due to the area's traffic congestion. This amounted to $2,300 a year per driver in costs.[185] Education Primary and secondary education Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. The Boston Public Schools enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including the renowned Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, and Boston Latin School. The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.[18] The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian.[186] There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council.[187] In September 2019, the city formally inaugurated Boston Saves, a program that provides every child enrolled in the city's kindergarten system a savings account containing $50 to be used toward college or career training.[188] Higher education For a more comprehensive list, see List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston. Map of Boston-area universities Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are near Boston.[189] Three universities with a major presence in the city, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts, are just outside of Boston in the cities of Cambridge and Somerville, known as the Brainpower Triangle.[190] Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its business school and athletics facilities are in Boston's Allston neighborhood, and its medical, dental, and public health schools are located in the Longwood area.[191] The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as "Boston Tech"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.[192] Tufts University's main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, though it locates its medical and dental schools in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children.[193] Five members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, Boston University, and Brandeis University.[194] Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities as per the Carnegie Classification. This includes, in addition to the aforementioned five, Boston College, and Northeastern University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.[195] This high density of research institutes also contributes to Boston's high density of early career researchers, which, due to high housing costs in the region, have been shown to face housing stress.[196][197] Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is often cited as among the world's top universities[198] Harvard Business School, one of the country's top business schools[199] Greater Boston has more than 50 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.[200] The city's largest private universities include Boston University (also the city's fourth-largest employer),[201] with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End, Northeastern University in the Fenway area,[202] Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school,[203] and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.[204] Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.[205] Smaller private colleges include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons University, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school),[206] and Emerson College.[207] Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools, including Lesley University College of Art and Design, Massachusetts College of Art, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, New England Institute of Art, New England School of Art and Design (Suffolk University), Longy School of Music of Bard College, and the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States).[208] Other conservatories include the Boston Conservatory and Berklee College of Music, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.[209] Healthcare For a more comprehensive list, see List of hospitals in Massachusetts § Boston. Harvard Medical School, one of the most prestigious medical schools in the world The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to the Fenway district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences.[210] Prominent medical facilities, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are in the Beacon Hill area. St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood. New England Baptist Hospital is in Mission Hill. The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods.[211] The Boston Public Health Commission, an agency of the Massachusetts government, oversees health concerns for city residents.[212] Boston EMS provides pre-hospital emergency medical services to residents and visitors. Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School.[213] Tufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area;[214] it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which was the first municipal hospital in the United States.[215] Public safety Further information: Boston Police Department, Boston Fire Department, and Boston Emergency Medical Services White Boston Police car with blue and gray stripes down the middle A Boston Police cruiser on Beacon Street Boston included $414 million in spending on the Boston Police Department in the fiscal 2021 budget. This is the second largest allocation of funding by the city after the allocation to Boston Public Schools.[216] Like many major American cities, Boston has experienced a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).[217] In 2008, there were 62 reported homicides.[218] Through December 30, 2016, major crime was down seven percent and there were 46 homicides compared to 40 in 2015.[219] Culture Main article: Culture in Boston Further information: List of annual events in Boston, List of arts organizations in Boston, and Sites of interest in Boston The Old State House, a museum on the Freedom Trail near the site of the Boston Massacre In the nineteenth century, the Old Corner Bookstore became a gathering place for writers, including Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. Here James Russell Lowell printed the first editions of The Atlantic Monthly. Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as the Boston accent[220] and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.[221] Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang and sardonic humor.[222] In the early 1800s, William Tudor wrote that Boston was "'perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.'[223] From this, Boston has been called the "Athens of America" (also a nickname of Philadelphia)[224] for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States".[225] In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore to be the "cradle of American literature", the place where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published.[226] In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States.[225] Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival. Music is afforded a high degree of civic support in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the "Big Five", a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the "world's best" orchestras.[227] Symphony Hall (west of Back Bay) is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation, and to the Boston Pops Orchestra. The British newspaper The Guardian called Boston Symphony Hall "one of the top venues for classical music in the world", adding "Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design".[228] Other concerts are held at the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall. The Boston Ballet performs at the Boston Opera House. Other performing-arts organizations in the city include the Boston Lyric Opera Company, Opera Boston, Boston Baroque (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US),[229] and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).[230] The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the Boston Modern Orchestra Project and Boston Musica Viva.[229] Several theaters are in or near the Theater District south of Boston Common, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre.[231] Symphony Hall, home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra Museum of Fine Arts There are several major annual events, such as First Night which occurs on New Year's Eve, the Boston Early Music Festival, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston gay pride parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints.[232] The city is the site of several events during the Fourth of July period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities[233] and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.[234] Several historic sites relating to the American Revolution period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the Freedom Trail,[235] which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground. The city is also home to several art museums and galleries, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.[236] The Institute of Contemporary Art is housed in a contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in the Seaport District.[237] Boston's South End Art and Design District (SoWa) and Newbury St. are both art gallery destinations.[238][239] Columbia Point is the location of the University of Massachusetts Boston, the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, and the Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum. The Boston Athenæum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),[240] Boston Children's Museum, Bull & Finch Pub (whose building is known from the television show Cheers),[241] Museum of Science, and the New England Aquarium are within the city. Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts serves just under 200 congregations, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters in the Fort Point neighborhood. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630.[242] King's Chapel was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church, and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).[243] Environment Pollution control Air quality in Boston is generally very good. Between 2004 and 2013, there were only four days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public, according to the EPA.[244] Some of the cleaner energy facilities in Boston include the Allston green district, with three ecologically compatible housing facilities.[245] Boston is also breaking ground on multiple green affordable housing facilities to help reduce the carbon impact of the city while simultaneously making these initiatives financially available to a greater population. Boston's climate plan is updated every three years and was most recently modified in 2013. This legislature includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an energy assessment every five years. These statistics are made public by the city, thereby increasing incentives for buildings to be more environmentally conscious.[246] Mayor Thomas Menino introduced the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This gives people an opportunity to find housing in neighborhoods that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment.[246] Water purity and availability Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods.[247] Ground water levels have been dropping in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring ground water levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.[248] However, Boston's drinking water supply from the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs[249] is one of the very few in the country so pure as to satisfy the Federal Clean Water Act without filtration.[250] Climate change and sea level rise Population density and elevation above sea level in Greater Boston (2010) The City of Boston has developed a climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings, transportation, and energy use.[251] Mayor Thomas Menino commissioned the city's first Climate Action Plan in 2007, with an update released in 2011.[252] Since then, Mayor Marty Walsh has built upon these plans with further updates released in 2014 and 2019. As a coastal city built largely on fill, sea-level rise is of major concern to the city government. The latest version of the climate action plan anticipates between two and seven feet of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the century. A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for coastal resilience.[253] Sports Main article: Sports in Boston Fenway Park is the oldest professional baseball stadium still in use. Boston has teams in the four major North American men's professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer, and, as of 2019, has won 39 championships in these leagues. It is one of eight cities (along with Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis and Washington) to have won championships in all four major American sports leagues. It has been suggested[254][255][256] that Boston is the new "TitleTown, USA", as the city's professional sports teams have won twelve championships since 2001: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018), Red Sox (2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018), Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love of sports made Boston the United States Olympic Committee's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games, but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27, 2015.[257] The Boston Red Sox, a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901, play their home games at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square, in the city's Fenway section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League.[258] Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion Boston Americans and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates.[259][260] Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the "Boston Pilgrims" appear to be unfounded.[261] Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.[262] Professional basketball game between the Celtics and Timberwolves in a crowded arena The Celtics play at the TD Garden. The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise.[263] The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.[264] The Celtics, along with the Los Angeles Lakers, have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, both with seventeen.[265] The venue is also set to host the 2020 Laver Cup, an international men's tennis tournament consisting of two teams: Team Europe and Team World, the latter of which consisting of non-European players. This will be the fourth edition of the tournament, and the first time Boston has hosted an ATP tournament since 1999, where Marat Safin defeated Greg Rusedski.[266] While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018 seasons.[267] They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, played their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.[268] The Boston Storm of the United Women's Lacrosse League was formed in 2015.[269] Harvard Stadium, the first collegiate athletic stadium built in the U.S. The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the area—Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision. The Boston Cannons of the MLL play at Harvard Stadium. Boston has Esports teams as well, such as the Overwatch League's Boston Uprising. Established in 2017,[270] they were the first team to complete a perfect stage with 0 losses.[271] The Boston Breach is another esports team in the Call of Duty League (CDL).[272] One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the26.2 mi (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon,[273] run on Patriots' Day in April. On April 15, 2013, two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon.[99] Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta, held in October.[274] Boston is one of eleven US cities which will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup. Parks and recreation An aerial view of Boston Common Boston Common, near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.[275] Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes the Back Bay Fens, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo.[276] Another major park is the Esplanade, along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with major parks and beaches near Castle Island, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.[277] Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities.[278] ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents. Government and politics Further information: Mayor of Boston, Boston City Council, List of members of Boston City Council, and Boston Finance Commission Michelle Wu, the 55th Mayor of Boston Boston has a strong mayor–council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Michelle Wu, a city councilor, became mayor in November 2021, succeeding Kim Janey, a former City Council President, who became the Acting Mayor in March 2021 following Marty Walsh's confirmation to the position of Secretary of Labor in the Biden/Harris Administration. Walsh's predecessor Thomas Menino's twenty-year tenure was the longest in the city's history.[279] The Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide "at-large" seats.[280] The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public Schools, is appointed by the mayor.[281] Boston City Hall is a Brutalist landmark in the city In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)—play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics. Chamber of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in the Massachusetts State House The city has several federal facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building,[282] the John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, and the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Both courts are housed in the John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse. Headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. Three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district and is represented by Ayanna Pressley while the remaining southern fourth is in the 8th district and is represented by Stephen Lynch,[283] both of whom are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012. The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State. The city uses an algorithm created by the Walsh administration, called CityScore, to measure the effectiveness of various city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and 3-1-1 to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.[284] Boston has an ordinance, enacted in 2014, that bars the Boston Police Department "from detaining anyone based on their immigration status unless they have a criminal warrant".[285] Presidential election results[286] Year Democratic Republican 2020 82.6% 242,717 15.5% 45,425 2016 80.6% 221,093 13.9% 38,087 2012 78.8% 200,190 19.3% 48,985 2008 79.0% 185,976 19.4% 45,548 2004 77.3% 160,884 21.4% 44,518 2000 71.7% 132,393 19.7% 36,389 1996 73.8% 125,529 19.6% 33,366 1992 62.4% 114,260 22.9% 41,868 1988 65.2% 122,349 33.2% 62,202 1984 63.4% 131,745 36.2% 75,311 1980 53.3% 95,133 32.9% 58,656 1976 60.4% 115,802 35.3% 67,604 1972 66.2% 139,598 33.3% 70,298 Voter registration and party enrollment As of February 1, 2019[287] Party Number of voters Percentage Democratic 210,570 50.73% Republican 24,034 5.79% Libertarian 1,443 0.35% Green 403 0.10% Unaffiliated 175,308 42.23% Total 415,103 100% Media Main article: Media in Boston Newspapers The Boston Globe is the oldest and largest daily newspaper in the city[288] and is generally acknowledged as its paper of record.[289] The city is also served by other publications such as the Boston Herald, Boston magazine, DigBoston, and the Boston edition of Metro. The Christian Science Monitor, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.[290] The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or T.i.P., which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.[291] The Improper Bostonian, a glossy lifestyle magazine, was published from 1991 through April 2019. The city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by the former publisher of The Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.[292] Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT news magazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.[293] Radio and television Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the ninth largest in the United States.[294] Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and iHeartMedia WBZ.[295] WBZ (AM) broadcasts a news radio format and is a 50,000 watt "clear channel" station, whose nighttime broadcasts are heard hundreds of miles from Boston. A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WTBU (Boston University, campus and web only), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College). The Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the eighth largest in the United States.[296] The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ-TV 4 and its sister station WSBK-TV 38 (the former a CBS O&O, the latter an independent station), WCVB-TV 5 and its sister station WMUR-TV 9 (both ABC), WHDH 7 and its sister station WLVI 56 (the former an independent station, the latter a CW affiliate), WBTS-CD 15 (an NBC O&O), and WFXT 25 (Fox). The city is also home to PBS member station WGBH-TV 2, a major producer of PBS programs,[297] which also operates WGBX 44. Spanish-language television networks, including UniMás (WUTF-TV 27), Telemundo (WNEU 60, a sister station to WBTS-CD), and Univisión (WUNI 66), have a presence in the region, with WNEU serving as network owned-and-operated station. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor.[298] Six Boston television stations are carried by Canadian satellite television provider Bell TV and by cable television providers in Canada. Film For a more comprehensive list, see Boston in fiction § Film. Films have been made in Boston since as early as 1903, and it continues to be both a popular setting and a popular filming location.[299][300] Notable movies like The Fighter and The Town were filmed in Boston.[301] Video games For a more comprehensive list, see Boston in fiction § Video games. Video games have used Boston as a backdrop and setting, such as Assassin's Creed III published in 2012 and Fallout 4 in 2015.[302][303] Some characters from video games are from Boston, such as the Scout from Team Fortress 2.[304] The gaming convention PAX East is held in Boston, which many gaming companies like Microsoft, Ubisoft, and Wizards of the Coast have previously attended.[305] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure in Boston Transportation Main article: Transportation in Boston A silver and red rapid transit train departing an above-ground station An MBTA Red Line train departing Boston for Cambridge. Bostonians depend heavily on public transit, with over 1.3 million Bostonians riding the city's buses and trains daily (2013).[306] Logan International Airport, in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.[307] Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston.[308] Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid,[309] unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006. The former and current Central Artery follow I-93 as the primary north–south artery from the city. Other major highways include US 1, which carries traffic to the North Shore and areas south of Boston, US 3, which connects to the northwestern suburbs, Massachusetts Route 3, which connects to the South Shore and Cape Cod, and Massachusetts Route 2 which connects to the western suburbs. Surrounding the city is Massachusetts Route 128, a partial beltway which has been largely subsumed by other routes (mostly I-95 and I-93). With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the fourth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country.[310] The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 35.4 percent of Boston households lacked a car, which decreased slightly to 33.8 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Boston averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[311] Boston's public transportation agency, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas, and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country,[19] with65.5 mi (105 km) of track on four lines.[312] The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles.[312] South Station, the busiest rail hub in New England, is a terminus of Amtrak and numerous MBTA rail lines. Bluebikes in Boston Amtrak intercity rail to Boston is provided through four stations: South Station, North Station, Back Bay, and Route 128. South Station is a major intermodal transportation hub and is the terminus of Amtrak's Northeast Regional, Acela Express, and Lake Shore Limited routes, in addition to multiple MBTA services. Back Bay is also served by MBTA and those three Amtrak routes, while Route 128, in the southwestern suburbs of Boston, is only served by the Acela Express and Northeast Regional.[313] Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster to Brunswick, Maine terminates in North Station, and is the only Amtrak route to do so.[314] Nicknamed "The Walking City", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities.[315] In 2011, Walk Score ranked Boston the third-most walkable city in the United States.[316][317] As of 2015, Walk Score still ranks Boston as the third most walkable US city, with a Walk Score of 80, a Transit Score of 75, and a Bike Score of 70.[318] Between 1999 and 2006, Bicycling magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the US for cycling;[319] regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting.[320] In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its "Five for the Future" list as a "Future Best City" for biking,[321][322] and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009.[323] The bikeshare program Bluebikes, originally called Hubway, launched in late July 2011,[324] logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season.[325] The neighboring municipalities of Cambridge, Somerville, and Brookline joined the Hubway program in the summer of 2012.[326] In 2016, there were 1,461 bikes and 158 docking stations across the city, which in 2022 has increased to 400 stations with a total of 4,000 bikes.[327] PBSC Urban Solutions provides bicycles and technology for this bike-sharing system.[328] In 2013, the Boston-Cambridge-Newton metropolitan statistical area (Boston MSA) had the seventh-lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (75.6 percent), with 6.2 percent of area workers traveling via rail transit. During the period starting in 2006 and ending in 2013, the Boston MSA had the greatest percentage decline of workers commuting by automobile (3.3 percent) among MSAs with more than a half-million residents.[329] International relations The City of Boston has twelve official sister cities:[330]  Kyoto, Japan (1959)  Strasbourg, France (1960)  Barcelona, Spain (1980)  Hangzhou, China (1982)  Padua, Italy (1983)  City of Melbourne, Australia (1985)  Beira, Mozambique (1990)  Taipei, Taiwan (1996)  Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana (2001)  Belfast, Northern Ireland (2014)  Praia, Cape Verde (2015)  Boston, Lincolnshire, UK (2015) Boston has formal partnership relationships through a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with five additional cities or regions:  Guangzhou, China (2014)[331]  Lyon, France (2016)[332]  Copenhagen, Denmark (2017)[333]  Mexico City, Mexico (2017)[334]  North West of Ireland, Ireland (2017)[335] See also Cities portal World portal flag Massachusetts portal flag United States portal Outline of Boston
  • Year: 1929
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