Marshall, Paule: Brown Girl, Brownstones; SIGNED Feminist Press, 1981 paperback

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176277810588 Marshall, Paule: Brown Girl, Brownstones; SIGNED Feminist Press, 1981 paperback. Marshall, Paule: Brown Girl, Brownstones; Feminist Press, 1981. A trade paperback in Very Good+ condition. SIGNED by the author., Fiction . Previous owners inscription. Marshall, Paule with an afterword by Mary Helen Washington: Brown Girl, Brownstones SIGNED; The Feminist Press c. 1959, 1981, Reprint; 2nd printing of the Feminist Press edition SIGNED by the author. The volume itself is undistinguished, being in generally Good - condition: the spine is square and the binding is solid. Reading creases along spine, quite a bit of general rubbing and shelfwear to the wraps General Fiction ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paule Marshall (April 9, 1929 – August 12, 2019) was an American writer, best known for her 1959 debut novel Brown Girl, Brownstones. In 1992, at the age of 63, Marshall was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship grant. Life and career Marshall was born Valenza Pauline Burke in Brooklyn, New York,[1] to Adriana Viola Clement Burke and Sam Burke on April 9, 1929.[2] Marshall's father had migrated from the Caribbean island of Barbados to New York in 1919 and, during her childhood, deserted the family to join a quasi-religious cult, leaving his wife to raise their children by herself.[3] Marshall wrote about how her career was inspired by observing her mother's relationship to language: "It served as therapy, the cheapest kind available to my mother and her friends. It restored them to a sense of themselves and reaffirmed their self-worth. Through language they were able to overcome the humiliations of the work day. Confronted by a world they could not encompass, they took refuge in language."[4] Smitten with the poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, Marshall changed her given name from Pauline to Paule (with a silent e) when she was 12 or 13 years old.[5] She attended Bushwick High School and subsequently enrolled in Hunter College, City University of New York, with plans of becoming a social worker. She took ill during college and took a year off, during which time she decided to major in English Literature,[6] eventually earning her Bachelor of Arts degree at Brooklyn College in 1953 and her master's degree at Hunter College in 1955.[7][8] After graduating from college, Marshall wrote for Our World, the acclaimed nationally distributed magazine edited for African-American readers, which she credited with teaching her discipline in writing and eventually aiding her in writing her first novel, Brown Girl, Brownstones.[9] In 1950 she married psychologist Kenneth Marshall; they divorced in 1963. In the 1970s she married Nourry Menard, a Haitian businessman.[10] Early in her career, she wrote poetry, but later returned to prose, her debut novel being published in 1959. Brown Girl, Brownstones tells the story of Selina Boyce, a girl growing up in a small black immigrant community.[7] Selina is caught between her mother, who wants to conform to the ideals of her new home and make the American dream come true, and her father, who longs to go back to Barbados.[7] The dominant themes in the novel – travel, migration, psychic fracture and striving for wholeness – are important structuring elements in her later works as well.[7] She received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1961 and in the same year published Soul Clap Hands and Sing, a collection of four novellas that won her the National Institute of Arts Award.[10] In 1965, she was chosen by Langston Hughes to accompany him on a State Department-sponsored world tour, on which they both read their work, which was a boon to her career.[11] She subsequently published the novels The Chosen Place, the Timeless People (1969), which the New York Times Book Review called "one of the four or five most impressive novels ever written by a black American",[12] and Praisesong for the Widow (1983), the latter winning the Before Columbus Foundation American Book Award in 1984.[13] In 2021, the book was reissued by McSweeney's, as part of their "Of the Diaspora" series highlighting important works in Black literature, with an introduction by Opal Palmer Adisa. Marshall taught at Virginia Commonwealth University, the University of California, Berkeley, the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and Yale University, before holding the Helen Gould Sheppard Chair of Literature and Culture at New York University.[14] In 1993 she received an honorary L.H.D. from Bates College. She lived in Richmond, Virginia. She was a MacArthur Fellow and a winner of the Dos Passos Prize for Literature. She was designated as a Literary Lion by the New York Public Library in 1994. Marshall was inducted into the Celebrity Path at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in 2001. Her memoir, Triangular Road, was published in 2009.[15] In 2010, Paule Marshall won a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards.[16] She died in Richmond, Virginia on August 12, 2019, having had dementia in her later years.[17] A biography by Mary Helen Washington, to be published by Yale University Press, is in preparation.[18] Works Library resources about Paule Marshall Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Paule Marshall Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Brown Girl, Brownstones (Random House, 1959; The Feminist Press, 1981) Soul Clap Hands and Sing (four short novels; Atheneum, 1961) The Chosen Place, the Timeless People (Harcourt, 1969) Reena and Other Stories (The Feminist Press at CUNY, 1983) Praisesong for the Widow (Putnam, 1983) (Reissued 2021, McSweeney's; hardcover ISBN 978-1-952-11904-0), with an introduction by Opal Palmer Adisa.) Merle: A Novella, and Other Stories (Virago Press, 1985) Daughters (Atheneum, 1991) The Fisher King: A Novel (2001) Triangular Road: A Memoir (Basic Civitas Books, 2009) Quote "I realise that it is fashionable now to dismiss the traditional novel as something of an anachronism, but to me it is still a vital form. Not only does it allow for the kind of full-blown, richly detailed writing that I love… but it permits me to operate on many levels and to explore both the inner state of my characters as well as the worlds beyond them."[19] Brown Girl, Brownstones is the debut novel by the internationally recognized writer Paule Marshall, first published in 1959, and dramatized by CBS Television Workshop in 1960.[1] The story is about Barbadian immigrants in Brooklyn, New York. The book gained further recognition after it was reprinted in 1981 by the Feminist Press.[2] Synopsis Book 1. A Long Day and a Long Night Ten-year-old Selina Boyce lives in a brownstone in Brooklyn with her Barbadian immigrant family: her mother Silla, father Deighton, and sister Ina. Silla is a strict, no-nonsense woman whose goal is to save enough money to purchase the brownstone they are leasing. Deighton is lackadaisical, impulsive, and he frequently cheats on his wife. His dreams of returning to Barbados and his frivolousness are a source of tension between Silla and him. Deighton inherits a piece of land; Silla wants him to sell it so they can buy the brownstone, but Deighton has fantasies about moving back and building an extravagant house. Suggie Skeete, Miss Mary, and Miss Thompson are a few other characters who appear sporadically; Selina goes to them for companionship and advice. Book 2. Pastorale Book 2 opens with a brief description of Deighton and Silla's drawn-out argument over selling the piece of land, and Selina imagining herself as one of the sleeping children who lived in the brownstone before the Boyces. Selina starts to think about womanhood and growing up. She goes to the park with her friend Beryl, where they have an argument about how babies are born: c-section or vaginal birth. Beryl confides to Selina that she has started menstruating. Selina is confused and somewhat repulsed by the idea, as she believes it will never happen to her. In reality, Selina feels left out and confused by puberty. Book 3. The War World War II is in progress at the start of the third book; this section spans a few years, beginning when Selina is around eleven and ends when she is fifteen. Book 3 is titled "The War" partially in reference to the war, but also in reference to the continuing argument between Silla and Deighton about his piece of land. A group of a few other Bajan women visits Silla in her kitchen while she makes Barbadian cuisine to sell. She vents her frustrations about the land, but she comes with a plan that will get it taken care of. Selina overhears, and Silla threatens to punish her if she tells her father. Selina searches for someone she can tell about Silla's plans because she wants to protect her father. Deighton, still jobless, begins to devote his time to studying the trumpet. He believes that music will be his next get-rich-quick scheme. Selina tells him about the conversation Silla had with the other Bajan women and her plans to somehow sell the land, but reassures him that it's probably nothing to worry about. She fights with her sister, feeling ignored and unloved. Ina says that no one will ever like her because of her bold and brash personality. Selina tells Miss Thompson about her fight and her concerns about her mother's plans. Miss Thompson, being a maternal and nurturing person, tries to help by distracting her. She fixes Selina's hair in curls, then Selina heads to her mother's work with the intention of confronting her about her plans to sell the land behind Deighton's back. Silla chastises her for travelling to the part of town by herself at night. Silla reveals that she has successfully sold Deighton's land for nine hundred dollars. Over the course of a year, Silla forged letters to Deighton's sister and granted his sister the power of attorney to sell the land. Deighton seems to be resigned to this fact, and agrees to take out the money the following day. He is gone the entire day, which raises Silla's suspicions. Deighton comes home with an abundance of frivolous and extravagant gifts. Silla mourns the loss of the money that could have gotten them the brownstone. The community attends the wedding of ’Gatha Steed’s daughter, which turns out to be an extravagant celebration. Deighton shows up to the reception, but it is clear that everyone know what he’s done, and he is essentially excommunicated. He severely injures his arm while incorrectly using machinery at a factory job, then begins to follow a cultist religion lead by a man called Father Peace. Deighton he demands to be called "Brother Boyce", and he renounces his family to be with other followers of Father Peace. Silla calls the authorities to have him deported back to Barbados. The family receives news that Deighton either jumped or fell off the ship that was on its way to Barbados, and he drowned. Book 4. Selina Since her father's death, Selina's grief has removed her even further from the community. She attends a party hosted by her childhood friend, Beryl, where Selina learns about the Association. She realizes that her peers are all conforming to their parents’ wishes rather than deciding their futures for themselves. Selina begins college. Silla owns the brownstone, and she works to get rid of Miss Mary and Suggie. Miss Mary passes away, and Silla is able to evict Suggie on the grounds that her promiscuous behavior seems suspiciously like prostitution. Selina loses two of the people she's closest to in a short span. Convinced Silla's doing it on purpose, she becomes even angrier and more reclusive. Miss Thompson reveals to Selina how she got the sore on her leg. It was the result of a racist attack while she was in the South, where a man injured her with a shovel. She also encourages her to attend an Association meeting so she can re-connect with her "people" and her culture a bit more and stop feeling so alienated. Selina begrudgingly agrees to go, but she tells the group they are money-hungry, narrow-minded, etc. and their concerns are petty compared to what they have to face in the white world. Selina meets Clive, a melancholy artist about ten years her senior. He initially seems to share a lot of Selina's personal values, and they begin a secret relationship. Selina joins her school dance team, discovering she has natural talent and enjoys it. Silla finds out about Clive, but Selina lies and says they are just friends. Silla warns Selina about him, saying that he is not the sort of person she should hang around with. Selina decides to rejoin the Association under the pretense of wanting the scholarship they are offering. She plans to take the money and use it to run away with Clive. Selina dances a sola in a recital and has a racist encounter with one of the other dancer's mother afterwards. Selina goes straight to Clive's, and realizes that he never meant to go away with her. Selina leaves her copy of the key to his apartment and returns home to cry herself to sleep. Selina wins the Association scholarship, but she declines the award. In private, she tells her mother she never stopped seeing Clive and what she had planned to do with the money. Selina plans to leave school and go to Barbados alone. The novel ends with Selina walking alone and tossing one of the silver bangles she has had since she was a baby towards a set of brownstones that are being torn down for a city project. Reviews "Remarkable for its colorful characters, the cadence of its dialogue and its evocation of a still-lingering past." — New York Times Book Review[3] "Marshall brings to her characters ... an instinctive understanding, a generosity and free humor that combine to form a style remarkable for its courage, its color, and its natural control." — The New Yorker[3] "An unforgettable novel written with pride and anger, with rebellion and tears." — New York Herald Tribune[3] Criticism Trudier Harris in her essay "No Outlet for the Blues: Silla Boyce’s Plight in Brown Girl, Brownstones"[4] highlights the opposing ideals of Selina's mother and father, and the effect of their ideas on their daughter Selina. Harris writes: "Paule Marshall's Brown Girl, Brownstones presents a clash of cultures not only for the young protagonist Selina Boyce, who is torn between her father's love for Barbados and her mother's desire to succeed to the American Dream, but also for Silla Boyce, who has similar conflicts. This strong, bitter, frustrated, disappointed, loving, vindictive woman, who keeps striving in the face of all disappointments, is perhaps one of the most complex black women characters in contemporary American literature".[5] By the end of the novel, however, the author concludes that Silla is unable to change sufficiently to escape her blues: “She has grown in her knowledge of herself and of the actions of the people with whom she identifies, but she has not grown to the point of accepting the changes which should be dictated by such knowledge. She continues to give up something of her humanity by her refusal to change, and that perfect control of one's destiny, that inability to give oneself up to the release of music or of love, is what insures that her state of the blues will never find an outlet".[6] The tension between the themes of individualism and ethnicity are explored in Martin Japtok's essay "Paule Marshall's Brown Girl, Brownstones: Reconciling Ethnicity and Individualism",[7] which concludes: "The simultaneous assertion of ethnicity and individualism must thus be accomplished through a constructionist conceptualization of ethnicity that allows one to see ethnic solidarity as an original response to an Old World environment that still has validity in the New World, though maybe not the same urgency. […] Selina accepts ethnic communalism while pursuing an individualist agenda, creating a new conceptualization of ethnicity in the process".[8] Gavin Jones begins his essay "'The Sea Ain’ Got No Back Door': The Problems of Black Consciousness in Paule Marshall's Brown Girl, Brownstones"[9] by quoting Marshall saying that unlike Ralph Ellison’s protagonist in Invisible Man, her own mother and friends "'suffered a triple invisibility, being black, female, and foreigners'".[10] The essay goes on to explore this complex triple-identity. Jones concludes: "Marshall's novel is a radical expression of how the black self, when it exists at the intersections of ethnicity, nationhood, and gender, has its wholeness challenged by alternative and frequently conflicting definitions. Just as the sea in Brown Girl contains contradictory multitudes—it is the sea of female creativity, diasporic consciousness, and African history, yet also the sea of colonial exploitation, industrial decay, and obliteration of the black past—Marshall’s novel as a whole proposes a sense of selfhood which, like a prism, contains many faces, each one refracting at an acute angle of difference".[11] The MacArthur Fellows Program, also known as the MacArthur Fellowship and commonly but unofficially known as the "Genius Grant", is a prize awarded annually by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation typically to between 20 and 30 individuals, working in any field, who have shown "extraordinary originality and dedication in their creative pursuits and a marked capacity for self-direction" and are citizens or residents of the United States.[1] According to the foundation's website, "the fellowship is not a reward for past accomplishment, but rather an investment in a person's originality, insight, and potential," but it also says such potential is "based on a track record of significant accomplishments." The current prize is $800,000 paid over five years in quarterly installments. Previously it was $625,000. This figure was increased from $500,000 in 2013 with the release of a review[2] of the MacArthur Fellows Program. Since 1981, 1,111 people have been named MacArthur Fellows,[3] ranging in age from 18 to 82.[4] The award has been called "one of the most significant awards that is truly 'no strings attached'".[5] The program does not accept applications. Anonymous and confidential nominations are invited by the foundation and reviewed by an anonymous and confidential selection committee of about a dozen people. The committee reviews all nominees and recommends recipients to the president and board of directors. Most new fellows first learn of their nomination and award upon receiving a congratulatory phone call. MacArthur Fellow Jim Collins described this experience in an editorial column of The New York Times.[6] Cecilia Conrad is the managing director leading the MacArthur Fellows Program.[7] Recipients Since the inaugural class of 1981, the program has awarded 1,111 fellowships. Alumni of Harvard University account for 175 fellowships, followed by the alumni of Yale University (93), University of California, Berkeley (75), Princeton University (68), and Columbia University (54). The following ten universities have the most alumni fellows.[3] Institution Fellows (1981-2022)[3] Harvard 175 Yale 93 Berkeley 75 Princeton 68 Columbia 54 MIT 48 Stanford 40 Chicago 39 Cornell 37 Oxford (UK) 35 1981 Robert Penn Warren A. R. Ammons, poet Joseph Brodsky, poet John Cairns, molecular biologist Gregory V. Chudnovsky, mathematician Joel E. Cohen, population biologist Robert Coles, child psychiatrist Richard Critchfield, essayist Shelly Errington, cultural anthropologist Howard Gardner, psychologist Henry Louis Gates Jr., literary critic John Gaventa, sociologist Michael Ghiselin, evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, paleontologist Ian Graham, archaeologist David Hawkins, philosopher John P. Holdren, arms control and energy analyst Ada Louise Huxtable, architectural critic and historian John Imbrie, climatologist Robert Kates, geographer Raphael Carl Lee, surgeon Elma Lewis, arts educator Cormac McCarthy, writer Barbara McClintock, geneticist James Alan McPherson, short story writer and essayist Roy P. Mottahedeh, historian Richard C. Mulligan, molecular biologist Douglas D. Osheroff, physicist Elaine H. Pagels, historian of religion David Pingree, historian of science Paul G. Richards, seismologist Robert Root-Bernstein, biologist and historian of science Richard Rorty, philosopher Lawrence Rosen, attorney and anthropologist Carl Emil Schorske, intellectual historian Leslie Marmon Silko, writer Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., astrophysicist Derek Walcott, poet and playwright Robert Penn Warren, poet, novelist, and literary critic Stephen Wolfram, computer scientist and physicist[8] Michael Woodford, economist George Zweig, physicist and neurobiologist[9] 1982 Frank Wilczek Fouad Ajami, political scientist Charles A. Bigelow, type designer Peter Robert Lamont Brown, historian Robert Darnton, European historian Persi Diaconis, statistician William Gaddis, novelist Ved Mehta, writer Bob Moses, educator and philosopher Richard A. Muller, geologist and astrophysicist Conlon Nancarrow, composer Alfonso Ortiz, cultural anthropologist Francesca Rochberg, Assyriologist and historian of science Charles Sabel, political scientist and legal scholar Ralph Shapey, composer and conductor Michael Silverstein, linguist Randolph Whitfield Jr., ophthalmologist Frank Wilczek, physicist Frederick Wiseman, documentary filmmaker Edward Witten, physicist, creator of the M-Theory[10] 1983 John Sayles R. Stephen Berry, physical chemist Seweryn Bialer, political scientist William C. Clark, ecologist and environmental policy analyst Philip D. Curtin, historian of Africa William H. Durham, biological anthropologist Bradley Efron, statistician David L. Felten, neuroscientist Randall W. Forsberg, political scientist and arms control strategist Alexander L. George, political scientist Shelomo Dov Goitein, medieval historian Mott T. Greene, historian of science James E. Gunn, astronomer Ramón A. Gutiérrez, historian John J. Hopfield, physicist and biologist Béla Julesz, psychologist William Kennedy, novelist Leszek Kołakowski, historian of philosophy and religion Sylvia A. Law, human rights lawyer Brad Leithauser, poet and writer Lawrence W. Levine, historian Ralph Manheim, translator Robert K. Merton, historian and sociologist of science Walter F. Morris Jr., cultural preservationist Charles S. Peskin, mathematician and physiologist A.K. Ramanujan, poet, translator, and literary scholar Alice M. Rivlin, economist and policy analyst Julia Robinson, mathematician John Sayles, filmmaker and writer Richard M. Schoen, mathematician Peter Sellars, theater and opera director Karen K. Uhlenbeck, mathematician[11] Adrian Wilson, book designer, printer, and book historian Irene J. Winter, art historian and archaeologist Mark S. Wrighton, chemist[12] 1984 Michael H. Freedman George W. Archibald, ornithologist Shelly Bernstein, pediatric hematologist Peter J. Bickel, statistician Ernesto J. Cortes Jr., community organizer William Drayton, public service innovator Sidney Drell, physicist and arms policy analyst Mitchell J. Feigenbaum, mathematical physicist Michael H. Freedman, mathematician Curtis G. Hames, family physician Robert Hass, poet, critic, and translator Shirley Heath, linguistic anthropologist J. Bryan Hehir, religion and foreign policy scholar Bette Howland, writer and literary critic Bill Irwin, clown, writer, and performance artist Robert Irwin, light and space artist Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, novelist and screenwriter Fritz John, mathematician Galway Kinnell, poet Henry Kraus, labor and art historian Paul Oskar Kristeller, intellectual historian and philosopher Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, educator Heather Lechtman, materials scientist and archaeologist Michael Lerner, public health leader[13] Andrew W. Lewis, medieval historian Arnold J. Mandell, neuroscientist and psychiatrist Peter Mathews, archaeologist and epigrapher Matthew Meselson, geneticist and arms control analyst David R. Nelson, physicist Beaumont Newhall, historian of photography Roger S. Payne, zoologist and conservationist Michael Piore, economist Edward V. Roberts, disability rights leader Judith N. Shklar, political philosopher Charles Simic, poet, translator, and essayist Elliot Sperling, Tibetan studies scholar David Stuart, linguist and epigrapher Frank Sulloway, psychologist (child birth-order research) John E. Toews, intellectual historian Alar Toomre, astronomer and mathematician James Turrell, light sculptor Amos Tversky, cognitive scientist Bret Wallach, geographer Jay Weiss, psychologist Arthur Winfree, physiologist and mathematician J. Kirk Varnedoe, art historian Carl R. Woese, molecular biologist[14] Billie Young, community development leader[15] 1985 Marian Wright Edelman Joan Abrahamson, community development leader John Ashbery, poet John F. Benton, medieval historian Harold Bloom, literary critic Valery Chalidze, physicist and human rights organizer William Cronon, environmental historian Merce Cunningham, choreographer Jared Diamond, environmental historian and geographer Marian Wright Edelman, Children's Defense Fund founder Morton Halperin, political scientist Robert M. Hayes, lawyer and human rights leader Edwin Hutchins, cognitive scientist Sam Maloof, professional woodworker and furniture maker Andrew McGuire, trauma prevention specialist Patrick Noonan, conservationist George Oster, mathematical biologist Thomas G. Palaima, classicist Peter Raven, botanist Jane S. Richardson, biochemist Gregory Schopen, historian of religion Franklin Stahl, geneticist J. Richard Steffy, nautical archaeologist Ellen Stewart, theater director Paul Taylor, choreographer, dance company founder Shing-Tung Yau, mathematician[16] 1986 Jack Horner Paul Adams, neurobiologist Milton Babbitt, composer and music theorist Christopher Beckwith, philologist Richard Benson, photographer Lester R. Brown, agricultural economist Caroline Bynum, medieval historian William A. Christian, historian of religion Nancy Farriss, historian Benedict Gross, mathematician Daryl Hine, poet and translator John Robert Horner, paleobiologist Thomas C. Joe, social policy analyst David Keightley, historian and sinologist Albert J. Libchaber, physicist David C. Page, molecular geneticist George Perle, composer and music theorist James Randi, magician David Rudovsky, civil rights lawyer Robert Shapley, neurophysiologist Leo Steinberg, art historian Richard P. Turco, atmospheric scientist Thomas Whiteside, journalist Allan C. Wilson, biochemist Jay Wright, poet and playwright Charles Wuorinen, composer[17] 1987 Robert Sapolsky Walter Abish, writer Robert Axelrod, political scientist Robert F. Coleman, mathematician Douglas Crase, poet Daniel Friedan, physicist David Gross, physicist Ira Herskowitz, molecular geneticist Irving Howe, literary and social critic Wesley Charles Jacobs Jr., rural planner Peter Jeffery, musicologist Horace Freeland Judson, historian of science Stuart Alan Kauffman, evolutionary biologist Richard Kenney, poet Eric Lander, geneticist and mathematician Michael Malin, geologist and planetary scientist Deborah W. Meier, education reform leader Arnaldo Dante Momigliano, historian David Mumford, mathematician Tina Rosenberg, journalist David Rumelhart, cognitive scientist and psychologist Robert Morris Sapolsky, neuroendocrinologist and primatologist Meyer Schapiro, art historian John H. Schwarz, physicist Jon Seger, evolutionary ecologist Stephen Shenker, physicist David Dean Shulman, historian of religion Muriel S. Snowden, community organizer Mark Strand, poet and writer May Swenson, poet Huỳnh Sanh Thông, translator and editor William Julius Wilson, sociologist Richard Wrangham, primate ethologist[18] 1988 Max Roach Charles Archambeau, geophysicist Michael Baxandall, art historian Ruth Behar, cultural anthropologist Ran Blake, composer and pianist Charles Burnett, filmmaker Philip James DeVries, insect biologist Andre Dubus, writer Helen T. Edwards, physicist Jon H. Else, documentary filmmaker John G. Fleagle, primatologist and paleontologist Cornell H. Fleischer, Middle Eastern historian Getatchew Haile, philologist and linguist Raymond Jeanloz, geophysicist Marvin Philip Kahl, zoologist Naomi Pierce, biologist Thomas Pynchon, novelist Stephen J. Pyne, environmental historian Max Roach, drummer and jazz composer Hipolito (Paul) Roldan, community developer Anna Curtenius Roosevelt, archaeologist David Alan Rosenberg, military historian Susan Irene Rotroff, archaeologist Bruce Schwartz, figurative sculptor and puppeteer Robert Shaw, physicist Jonathan Spence, historian Noel M. Swerdlow, historian of science Gary A. Tomlinson, musicologist Alan Walker, paleontologist Eddie N. Williams,[19] policy analyst and civil rights leader Rita P. Wright, archaeologist Garth Youngberg, agriculturalist[20] 1989 Errol Morris Anthony Amsterdam, attorney and legal scholar Byllye Avery, women's healthcare leader Alvin Bronstein, human rights lawyer Leo Buss, evolutionary biologist Jay Cantor, writer George Davis, environmental policy analyst Allen Grossman, poet John Harbison, composer and conductor Keith Hefner, journalist and educator Ralf Hotchkiss, rehabilitation engineer John Rice Irwin, curator and cultural preservationist Daniel Janzen, ecologist Bernice Johnson Reagon, music historian, composer, and vocalist Aaron Lansky, cultural preservationist Jennifer Moody, archaeologist and anthropologist Errol Morris, filmmaker Vivian Paley, educator and writer Richard Powers, novelist Martin Puryear, sculptor Theodore Rosengarten, historian Margaret W. Rossiter, historian of science George Russell, composer and music theorist Pam Solo, arms control analyst Ellendea Proffer Teasley, translator and publisher Claire Van Vliet, book artist Baldemar Velasquez, farm labor leader Bill Viola, video artist Eliot Wigginton, educator Patricia Wright, primatologist[21] 1990 Paul Ehrlich John Christian Bailar, biostatistician Martha Clarke, theater director Jacques d'Amboise, dance educator Guy Davenport, writer, critic, and translator Lisa Delpit, education reform leader John Eaton, composer Paul R. Ehrlich, population biologist Charlotte Erickson, historian Lee Friedlander, photographer Margaret Geller, astrophysicist Jorie Graham, poet Patricia Hampl, writer John Hollander, poet and literary critic Thomas Cleveland Holt, social and cultural historian David Kazhdan, mathematician Calvin King, land and farm development specialist M. A. R. Koehl, marine biologist Nancy Kopell, mathematician Michael Moschen, performance artist Gary Nabhan, ethnobotanist Sherry Ortner, anthropologist Otis Pitts, community development leader Yvonne Rainer, filmmaker and choreographer Michael Schudson, sociologist Rebecca J. Scott, historian Marc Shell, scholar Susan Sontag, writer and cultural critic Richard Stallman, Free Software Foundation founder, copyleft concept inventor Guy Tudor, conservationist Maria Varela, community development leader Gregory Vlastos, classicist and philosopher Kent Whealy, preservationist Eric Wolf, anthropologist Sidney Wolfe, physician Robert Woodson, community development leader José Zalaquett, human rights lawyer[22] 1991 Taylor Branch Jacqueline Barton, biophysical chemist Paul Berman, journalist James Blinn, computer animator Taylor Branch, social historian Trisha Brown, choreographer Mari Jo Buhle, American historian Patricia Churchland, (neuro)philosopher David Donoho, statistician Steven Feld, anthropologist Alice Fulton, poet Guillermo Gómez-Peña, writer and artist Jerzy Grotowski, theater director David Hammons, artist Sophia Bracy Harris, child care leader Lewis Hyde, writer Ali Akbar Khan, musician Sergiu Klainerman, mathematician Martin Kreitman, geneticist Harlan Lane, psychologist and linguist William Linder, community development leader Patricia Locke, tribal rights leader Mark Morris, choreographer and dancer Marcel Ophüls, documentary filmmaker Arnold Rampersad, biographer and literary critic Gunther Schuller, composer, conductor, jazz historian Joel Schwartz, epidemiologist Cecil Taylor, jazz pianist and composer Julie Taymor, theater director David Werner, health care leader James Westphal, engineer and scientist Eleanor Wilner, poet[23] 1992 Stephen Schneider Janet Benshoof, human rights lawyer Robert Blackburn, printmaker Unita Blackwell, civil rights leader Lorna Bourg, rural development leader Stanley Cavell, philosopher Amy Clampitt, poet Ingrid Daubechies, mathematician Wendy Ewald, photographer Irving Feldman, poet Barbara Fields, historian Robert Hall, journalist Ann Ellis Hanson, historian John Henry Holland, computer scientist Wes Jackson, agronomist Evelyn Keller, historian and philosopher of science Steve Lacy, saxophonist and composer Suzanne Lebsock, social historian Sharon Long, plant biologist Norman Manea, writer Paule Marshall, writer Michael Massing, journalist Robert McCabe, educator Susan Meiselas, photojournalist Amalia Mesa-Bains, artist and cultural critic Stephen Schneider, climatologist Joanna Scott, writer John T. Scott, artist John Terborgh, conservation biologist Twyla Tharp, dancer and choreographer Philip Treisman, mathematics educator Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, historian Geerat J. Vermeij, evolutionary biologist Günter Wagner, developmental biologist[24] 1993 Amory Lovins Nancy Cartwright, philosopher Demetrios Christodoulou, mathematician and physicist Maria Crawford, geologist Stanley Crouch, jazz critic and writer Nora England, anthropological linguist Paul Farmer, medical anthropologist Victoria Foe, developmental biologist Ernest Gaines, writer Pedro Greer, physician Thom Gunn, poet and literary critic Ann Hamilton, artist Sokoni Karanja, child and family development specialist Ann Lauterbach, poet and literary critic Stephen Lee, chemist Carol Levine, AIDS policy specialist Amory Lovins, physicist and energy analyst Jane Lubchenco, marine biologist Ruth Lubic, nurse and midwife Jim Powell, poet, translator, and literary critic Margie Profet, evolutionary biologist Thomas Scanlon, philosopher Aaron Shirley, health care leader William Siemering, journalist and radio producer Ellen Silbergeld, toxicologist Leonard van der Kuijp, philologist and historian Frank von Hippel, arms control and energy analyst John Edgar Wideman, writer Heather Williams, biologist and ornithologist Marion Williams, gospel music performer Robert H. Williams, physicist and energy analyst Henry T. Wright, archaeologist and anthropologist[25] 1994 Ornette Coleman Robert Adams, photographer Jeraldyne Blunden, choreographer Anthony Braxton, avant-garde composer and musician Rogers Brubaker, sociologist Ornette Coleman, jazz performer and composer Israel Gelfand, mathematician Faye Ginsburg, anthropologist Heidi Hartmann, economist Bill T. Jones, dancer and choreographer Peter E. Kenmore, agricultural entomologist Joseph E. Marshall, educator Carolyn McKecuen, economic development leader Donella Meadows, writer Arthur Mitchell, company director and choreographer Hugo Morales, radio producer Janine Pease, educator Willie Reale, theater arts educator Adrienne Rich, poet and writer Sam-Ang Sam, musician and cultural preservationist Jack Wisdom, physicist[26] 1995 Octavia Butler Allison Anders, filmmaker Jed Z. Buchwald, historian Octavia E. Butler, science fiction novelist Sandra Cisneros, writer and poet Sandy Close, journalist Frederick C. Cuny, disaster relief specialist Sharon Emerson, biologist Richard Foreman, theater director Alma Guillermoprieto, journalist Virginia Hamilton, writer Donald Hopkins, physician Susan W. Kieffer, geologist Elizabeth LeCompte, theater director Patricia Nelson Limerick, historian Michael Marletta, chemist Pamela Matson, ecologist Susan McClary, musicologist Meredith Monk, vocalist, composer, director Rosalind P. Petchesky, political scientist Joel Rogers, political scientist Cindy Sherman, photographer Bryan Stevenson, human rights lawyer Nicholas Strausfeld, neurobiologist Richard White, historian[27] 1996 Anna Deavere Smith James Roger Prior Angel, astronomer Joaquin Avila, voting rights advocate Allan Bérubé, historian Barbara Block, marine biologist Joan Breton Connelly, classical archaeologist Thomas Daniel, biologist Martin Daniel Eakes, economic development strategist Rebecca Goldstein, writer Robert Greenstein, public policy analyst Richard Howard, poet, translator, and literary critic John Jesurun, playwright Richard Lenski, biologist Louis Massiah, documentary filmmaker Vonnie McLoyd, developmental psychologist Thylias Moss, poet and writer Eiko Otake and Koma Otake, dancers, choreographers Nathan Seiberg, physicist Anna Deavere Smith, playwright, journalist, actress Dorothy Stoneman, educator Bill Strickland, art educator[28] 1997 David Foster Wallace Luis Alfaro, writer and performance artist Lee Breuer, playwright Vija Celmins, artist Eric Charnov, evolutionary biologist Elouise P. Cobell, banker Peter Galison, historian Mark Harrington, AIDS researcher Eva Harris, molecular biologist Michael Kremer, economist Russell Lande, biologist Kerry James Marshall, artist Nancy A. Moran, evolutionary biologist and ecologist Han Ong, playwright Kathleen Ross, educator Pamela Samuelson, copyright scholar and activist Susan Stewart, literary scholar and poet Elizabeth Streb, dancer and choreographer Trimpin, sound sculptor Loïc Wacquant, sociologist Kara Walker, artist David Foster Wallace, author and journalist Andrew Wiles, mathematician Brackette Williams, anthropologist[29] 1998 Tim Berners-Lee Janine Antoni, artist Ida Applebroog, artist Ellen Barry, attorney and human rights activist Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web Linda Bierds, poet Bernadette Brooten, historian John Carlstrom, astrophysicist Mike Davis, historian Nancy Folbre, economist Avner Greif, economist Kun-Liang Guan, biochemist Gary Hill, artist Edward Hirsch, poet, essayist Ayesha Jalal, historian Charles R. Johnson, writer Leah Krubitzer, neuroscientist Stewart Kwoh, human rights activist Charles Lewis, journalist William W. McDonald, rancher and conservationist Peter N. Miller, historian Don Mitchell, cultural geographer Rebecca Nelson, plant pathologist Elinor Ochs, linguistic anthropologist Ishmael Reed, poet, essayist, novelist Benjamin D. Santer, atmospheric scientist Karl Sims, computer scientist and artist Dorothy Thomas, human rights activist Leonard Zeskind, human rights activist Mary Zimmerman, playwright[30] 1999 Alison Des Forges Jillian Banfield, geologist Carolyn Bertozzi, chemist Xu Bing, artist and printmaker Bruce G. Blair, policy analyst John Bonifaz, election lawyer and voting rights leader Shawn Carlson, science educator Mark Danner, journalist Alison L. Des Forges, human rights activist Elizabeth Diller, architect Saul Friedländer, historian Jennifer Gordon, lawyer David Hillis, biologist Sara Horowitz, lawyer Jacqueline Jones, historian Laura L. Kiessling, biochemist Leslie Kurke, classicist David Levering Lewis, biographer and historian Juan Maldacena, physicist Gay J. McDougall, human rights lawyer Campbell McGrath, poet Denny Moore, anthropological linguist Elizabeth Murray, artist Pepón Osorio, artist Ricardo Scofidio, architect Peter Shor, computer scientist Eva Silverstein, physicist Wilma Subra, scientist Ken Vandermark, saxophonist, composer Naomi Wallace, playwright Jeffrey Weeks, mathematician Fred Wilson, artist Ofelia Zepeda, linguist[31] 2000 Cecilia Muñoz Susan E. Alcock, archaeologist K. Christopher Beard, paleontologist Lucy Blake, conservationist Anne Carson, poet Peter J. Hayes, energy policy activist David Isay, radio producer Alfredo Jaar, photographer Ben Katchor, graphic novelist Hideo Mabuchi, physicist Susan Marshall, choreographer Samuel Mockbee, architect Cecilia Muñoz, civil rights policy analyst Margaret Murnane, optical physicist Laura Otis, literary scholar and historian of science Lucia M. Perillo, poet Matthew Rabin, economist Carl Safina, marine conservationist Daniel P. Schrag, geochemist Susan E. Sygall, civil rights leader Gina G. Turrigiano, neuroscientist Gary Urton, anthropologist Patricia J. Williams, legal scholar Deborah Willis, historian of photography and photographer Erik Winfree, computer and materials scientist Horng-Tzer Yau, mathematician[32] 2001 Lene Hau Andrea Barrett, writer Christopher Chyba, astrobiologist Michael Dickinson, fly biologist, bioengineer Rosanne Haggerty, housing and community development leader Lene Hau, physicist Dave Hickey, art critic Stephen Hough, pianist and composer Kay Redfield Jamison, psychologist Sandra Lanham, pilot and conservationist Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle, artist Cynthia Moss, natural historian Aihwa Ong, anthropologist Dirk Obbink, classicist and papyrologist Norman R. 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Steidel, astronomer Brian Tucker, seismologist Camilo José Vergara, photographer Paul Wennberg, atmospheric chemist Colson Whitehead, writer[34] 2003 Jim Yong Kim Guillermo Algaze, archaeologist Jim Collins, biomedical engineer Lydia Davis, writer and translator Erik Demaine, theoretical computer scientist Corinne Dufka, human rights researcher Peter Gleick, conservation analyst Osvaldo Golijov, composer Deborah Jin, physicist Angela Johnson, writer Tom Joyce, blacksmith Sarah H. Kagan, gerontological nurse Ned Kahn, artist and science exhibit designer Jim Yong Kim, public health physician Nawal M. Nour, obstetrician and gynecologist Loren H. Rieseberg, botanist Amy Rosenzweig, biochemist Pedro A. Sanchez, agronomist Lateefah Simon, women's development leader Peter Sís, illustrator Sarah Sze, sculptor Eve Troutt Powell, historian Anders Winroth, historian Daisy Youngblood, ceramic artist Xiaowei Zhuang, biophysicist[35] 2004 C. D. Wright Angela Belcher, materials scientist and engineer Gretchen Berland, physician and filmmaker James Carpenter, artist Joseph DeRisi, biologist Katherine Gottlieb, health care leader David Green, technology transfer innovator Aleksandar Hemon, writer Heather Hurst, archaeological illustrator Edward P. Jones, writer John Kamm, human rights activist Daphne Koller, computer scientist Naomi Leonard, engineer Tommie Lindsey, school debate coach Rueben Martinez, businessman and activist Maria Mavroudi, historian Vamsi Mootha, physician and computational biologist Judy Pfaff, sculptor Aminah Robinson, artist Reginald Robinson, pianist and composer Cheryl Rogowski, farmer Amy Smith, inventor and mechanical engineer Julie Theriot, microbiologist C. D. Wright, poet[36] 2005 Jonathan Lethem Marin Alsop, symphony conductor Ted Ames, fisherman, conservationist, marine biologist Terry Belanger, rare book preservationist Edet Belzberg, documentary filmmaker Majora Carter, urban revitalization strategist Lu Chen, neuroscientist Michael Cohen, pharmacist Joseph Curtin, violinmaker Aaron Dworkin, music educator Teresita Fernández, sculptor Claire Gmachl, quantum cascade laser engineer Sue Goldie, physician and researcher Steven Goodman, conservation biologist Pehr Harbury, biochemist Nicole King, molecular biologist Jon Kleinberg, computer scientist Jonathan Lethem, novelist Michael Manga, geophysicist Todd Martinez, theoretical chemist Julie Mehretu, painter Kevin M. Murphy, economist Olufunmilayo Olopade, clinician and researcher Fazal Sheikh, photographer Emily Thompson, aural historian Michael Walsh, vehicle emissions specialist[37] 2006 Regina Carter David Carroll, naturalist author and illustrator Regina Carter, jazz violinist Kenneth C. Catania, neurobiologist Lisa Curran, tropical forester Kevin Eggan, biologist Jim Fruchterman, technologist, CEO of Benetech Atul Gawande, surgeon and author Linda Griffith, bioengineer Victoria Hale, CEO of OneWorld Health Adrian Nicole LeBlanc, journalist and author David Macaulay, author and illustrator Josiah McElheny, sculptor D. Holmes Morton, physician John A. Rich, physician Jennifer Richeson, social psychologist Sarah Ruhl, playwright George Saunders, short story writer Anna Schuleit, commemorative artist Shahzia Sikander, painter Terence Tao, mathematician Claire J. Tomlin, aviation engineer Luis von Ahn, computer scientist Edith Widder, deep-sea explorer Matias Zaldarriaga, cosmologist John Zorn, composer and musician[38] 2007 Shen Wei Deborah Bial, education strategist Peter Cole, translator, poet, publisher Lisa Cooper, public health physician Ruth DeFries, environmental geographer Mercedes Doretti, forensic anthropologist Stuart Dybek, short story writer Marc Edwards, water quality engineer Michael Elowitz, molecular biologist Saul Griffith, inventor Sven Haakanson, Alutiiq curator, anthropologist, preservationist Corey Harris, blues musician Cheryl Hayashi, spider silk biologist My Hang V. 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Rogers, applied physicist Elyn Saks, mental health lawyer Jill Seaman, infectious disease physician Beth Shapiro, evolutionary biologist Daniel Sigman, biogeochemist Mary Tinetti, geriatric physician Camille Utterback, digital artist Theodore Zoli, bridge engineer[41] 2010 Annette Gordon Reed Amir Abo-Shaeer, physics teacher Jessie Little Doe Baird, Wampanoag language preservation and revival Kelly Benoit-Bird, marine biologist Nicholas Benson, stone carver Drew Berry, biomedical animator Carlos D. 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Penningroth, historian Terry Plank, geochemist Laura Poitras, documentary filmmaker Nancy Rabalais, marine ecologist Benoît Rolland, stringed-instrument bow maker Daniel Spielman, computer scientist Melody Swartz, bioengineer Chris Thile, mandolinist and composer Benjamin Warf, neurosurgeon[44] 2013 Tarell McCraney Kyle Abraham, choreographer and dancer Donald Antrim, writer Phil Baran, organic chemist C. 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Bonauto, civil rights lawyer Tami Bond, environmental engineer Steve Coleman, jazz composer and saxophonist Sarah Deer, legal scholar and advocate Jennifer Eberhardt, social psychologist Craig Gentry, computer scientist Terrance Hayes, poet John Henneberger, housing advocate Mark Hersam, materials scientist Samuel D. Hunter, playwright Pamela O. 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Ross, human rights advocate Steven Ruggles, historical demographer Tavares Strachan, interdisciplinary artist Emily Wang, physician and researcher Amanda Williams, artist and architect Melanie Matchett Wood, mathematician The distinctive contribution of the novelist Paule Marshall, who has died aged 90, was to express the interaction between Caribbean and African-American identities, drawing on her Barbadian background and life in her native New York. She wrote eight volumes of fiction, and in 1989 received the Dos Passos prize for American creative writers who have produced work in which is evident “an intense and original exploration of specifically American themes, an experimental approach to form, and an interest in a wide range of human experiences”. The novel that received the most critical attention was Praisesong for the Widow (1983), which focused the themes of historical and personal development in the person of Avey Johnson, a middle-aged widow whose journey to a small Caribbean island enables her to begin questioning her repression of joy and affection in her struggle to acquire a white bourgeois-defined respectability. This book dramatised a continuing theme in Marshall’s fiction: the need to set aside materialistic and individualistic values in order to find spiritual and psychological fulfilment. Marshall described herself as a “very slow, painstaking, fussy writer”, and would spend up to 10 years on the completion of a novel. An activist in the civil rights and anti-Vietnam movements of the 1960s, she felt a responsibility to write for the benefit of the community, revealing her readers to themselves truthfully and thus empowering them. However, she differentiated herself sharply from other black female writers, remarking in an 1982 interview that she felt it important to create “ordinary” protagonists who did not “go through all those terrible things that are supposed to happen to black people, to young black women”. A female character created by Marshall, she said, “is not raped by her father, or her stepfather, or her mother’s boyfriend, she does not witness physical brutality between her mother and father, she is not, in other words, a social statistic”. Marshall thus dismissed in turn representations of black female experience by Alice Walker, Toni Morrison and Maya Angelou. She was born Valenza Pauline Burke in Brooklyn and grew up in a largely West Indian neighbourhood, the daughter of Ada (nee Clement) and Samuel Burke, who had emigrated separately to New York from Barbados just after the first world war. Her father worked in a mattress factory after arriving illegally in America as a stowaway from Cuba, but during Paule’s childhood abandoned the family to become a disciple and preacher for Father Divine’s religious movement; her mother worked as a maid for a wealthy white woman. At the age of nine, Paule spent a year with her grandmother in Barbados, a visit which influenced much of her later writing. Her first novel, Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959), recorded in lyrical and expressive language the idioms and attitudes of New York’s Barbadian community, and particularly the group of women who would gather in her mother’s house after a hard day’s work. Marshall paid tribute in a later essay to these “poets of the kitchen”, saying: “They taught me my first lessons in the narrative art. They trained my ear. They set a standard of excellence. This is why the best of my work must be attributed to them; it stands as testimony to the rich legacy of language and culture they so freely passed on to me in the wordshop of the kitchen.” The novel portrays the conflicts within that community, and between the mother’s determination to save money and buy the family’s rented house and the father’s longing to return to the less restrictive society of Barbados. Marshall also drew on the rich legacy and culture of other writers, and as a child read Dickens, Thackeray and Fielding. Her discovery of the African-American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar inspired her to become a writer and to adapt her middle name to to give a pen-name of Paule (with a silent “e”). The title of her collection of novellas, Soul Clap Hands and Sing (1961), in which all four stories focus on elderly and unhappy men who seek in vain to change, reveals her familiarity with Yeats (its title comes from a line of his poetry). Later she wrote of her admiration for Thomas Mann, and his ability to combine an individual story in the context of a community’s history. Her ambition to emulate Mann is seen in The Chosen Place, The Timeless People (1969), claimed by one critic to be among “the four or five most impressive novels ever written by a black American”. Set on a fictional Caribbean island, the novel draws together characters and cultures from Africa, the US and the Caribbean, as well as China and India. In the 1950s and 60s Marshall worked as a journalist and librarian. Following the success of her first two books she was selected by the poet Langston Hughes to accompany him on a tour of Europe in 1964. She taught creative writing and English literature at Virginia Commonwealth University, in Richmond, Virginia, as well as at Yale, Oxford, Columbia and Cornell universities, and was from 1997 Helen Gould Sheppard professor in literature and culture at New York University. She retired from teaching in 2009. The Fisher King (2001), her last novel, set in the 1940s Brooklyn of her youth, won the Black Caucus of the American Library Association literary award. In 2009 she published a memoir, Triangular Road, based on a series of lectures delivered at Harvard and in the same year received a lifetime achievement award from the Anisfield-Wolf book awards. She married Kenneth Marshall in 1950 and Nourry Menard in 1970; both marriages ended in divorce. She is survived by a son, Evan, from her first marriage, and a stepdaughter, Rosemond, from her second, and by two grandchildren. Paule Marshall (Valenza Pauline Burke), author, born 9 April 1929; died 12 August 2019 Paule Marshall Paule MarshallAKA Valenza Pauline Burke Born: 9-Apr-1929 Birthplace: Brooklyn, NY Gender: Female Race or Ethnicity: Black Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Novelist Nationality: United States Executive summary: Brown Girl, Brownstones Husband: Kenneth Marshall (m. 1957, div. 1963) Son: Evan-Keith (b. 1958) Husband: (Haitian businessman, m. 1970) University: Brooklyn College (1953, cum laude) University: Hunter College (grad studies, 1955) Obama for America Phi Beta Kappa Society Guggenheim Fellowship Author of books: Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959, novel) Soul Clap Hands and Sing (1961, short stories) The Chosen Place, the Timeless People (1969, novel) Reena and Other Stories (1983, short stories) Praisesong for the Widow (1983, novel) Daughters (1991, novel) Valenza Pauline Burke, later known as Paule Marshall, was born on April 9, 1929, in Brooklyn, New York. She was the daughter of Ada and Samuel Burke, both emigrants from Barbados, and she grew up in a neighborhood with a significant number of other families from the West Indies. Although she went through a period of rejecting her West Indian heritage as a child, her writing was ultimately inspired by the conversations between her mother and other Bajan (Barbadian) women. In her essay From the Poets in the Kitchen, she explains how the women would use the English language as an instrument for narrative art, changing around the rhythm and accent to create a distinctive dialect. When Marshall completed high school, she enrolled in Hunter College with plans of becoming a social worker. After a one-year absence from college due to illness, she decided, with the influence of some of her friends, to become an English Literature major instead. She enrolled in Brooklyn College and by 1954 had graduated cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa. After college Marshall began to write feature stories for Our World, a small Black publication. During this time she was writing for herself at home. Her first novel, Brown Girl, Brownstones, took shape over five years and was published in 1959. This book deals with the coming of age of a West Indian girl while simultaneously exploring the Black emigrant experience in America. Some of her later novels and short stories include Soul Clap Hands and Sing (1961), Reena (1962), Some Get Wasted (1964), To Da-Duh: In Memorandum (1967), The Chosen Place, the Timeless People (1969), Praisesong for the Widow (1983), and Daughters (1991). Marshall’s fiction is rooted in Black cultural history. Her novels place an emphasis on Black female characters and she used these characters to address contemporary feminist issues from an Afrocentric perspective. She challenged her readers to understand the political, social, and economic structures societies are built on. Through her literature, she highlighted the oppressive systems that are in place. She also challenged people of African descent to reinvent their own identities. In addition to being an author, Paule Marshall was also a professor of English and creative writing at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond. She received many awards in her career, including the Guggenheim Fellowship (1960), the American Book Award (1984), the Langston Hughes Medallion Award (1986), and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fellowship (1992). Paule Marshall, who suffered from dementia, passed away on August 12, 2019, in Richmond, Virginia. She is survived by her son, Evan K. Marshall. She was 90 years old. I grew up among poets. Nothing about them suggested that poetry was their calling. They were just a group of ordinary housewives, my mother included -- the basement kitchen of the brownstone house where my family lived was the usual gathering place. Once inside the warm safety of its walls the women threw off the drab coats and hats, seated themselves at the large center table, drank their cups of tea or cocoa, and talked while my sister and I sat at a smaller table over in a corner doing our homework, they talkedendlessly, passionately, poetically and with impressive range. No subject was beyond them. When people at readings and writers’ conferences asked me who my major influences were, they are sometimes a little disappointed when I don’t immediately name the usual literary giants. True, I am indebted to those writers, white and black, whom I read during my formative years and still read for instruction and pleasure. But they were preceded in my life by another set of giants whom I always acknowledge before all others; the group of women around the table long ago-this is why the best of my work must be attributed to them; it stands as testimony to the rich legacy of language and culture they so freely passed on to me in the wordshop of the kitchen. — The Making of a Writer: From the Poets in the Kitchen Paule Marshall was born Valenza Pauline Burke in Brooklyn, New York, to Ada and Samuel Burke who had recently emigrated from Barbados. Marshall first visited Barbados when she was nine years old, and she recalls writing a series of poems after that visit which reflected her impressions (Denniston, Dorothy H., xii). Marshall was raised in a close-knit West Indian community and gives credit to the women of that community with being her most important teachers. There is a consistency of West Indian dialect and culture in Marshall’s writing. Her work confronts the conflicts that Caribbean-American immigrant families, like her own, faced. In 1950 Marshall married psychologist Kenneth Marshall. In 1953 Marshall graduated cum laude from Brooklyn College, where she majored in English literature, and was then inducted into Phi Beta Kappa. After graduating Marshall worked briefly as a librarian before working for Our World magazine, a popular 1950s African American magazine, where she was the only woman on staff. She gave birth to her son, Evan-Keith Marshall, in 1959. In order to finish the novel she had begun writing and despite her husband’s protests she hired a babysitter for her son. In 1959 her first novel Brown Girl, Brownstones was published, and her husband contributed the title. Brown Girl, Brownstones is about a young, first-generation Caribbean-American girl growing up in an African-Caribbean community. As she struggles to find herself, the community is desperately trying to differentiate themselves from this new environment to keep their culture alive. In 1960 Marshall received a Guggenheim Fellowship and in 1961 published Soul Clap Hands and Sing, a collection of novellas for which she received the National Institute of Arts Award. Marshall divorced in 1963; seven years later she married Nourry Menard, a Haitian businessman. The Chosen Place, The Timeless People (1969) was deemed “the best novel to be written by an American Black woman, one of the two important black novels of the 1960s, and one of the four or five most important novels ever written by a Black-American” (Robinson). Praisesong for the Widow (1983) established her reputation as a major writer. For this she received the Columbus Foundation American Book Award. This novel was written in honor of her ancestors and is dedicated to Marshall’s grandmother (To Da-Duh). Daughters (1991) was about a West Indian woman in New York who returns home to assist her father’s re-election campaign. The character, like most characters in Marshall’s fiction, has an epiphany after confronting her personal and cultural past. In 1970, Paule Marshall taught at Yale and lectured at many other institutions. She has received many awards and honors throughout her career, including an American Book Award and a John Dos Passos Award of Literature. Marshall published her seventh novel, The Fisher King, in October of 2000, “rich with characters so textured that I’m plumping for a sequel” (Simmons). This novel demonstrates the universality of Marshall’s characters, which is a prevalent theme in her works. Paule Marshall deals with several major themes that carry through most of her works and reflect her own issues and obstacles in life. She feels as though her work serves not only as a career but also as a means of healing for herself - a vehicle through which she is able to work through issues and recurring themes in her own person odyssey. These include the search for identity, which Marshall herself has struggled with, and is seen especially in Brown Girl, Brownstones. Also is the aforementioned universality of characters, as in The Fisher King, which allows her readers to relate fully to the characters, regardless of the past they bring into their reading of her novels. Another theme involves looking at ancestors and heritage to glean some kind of meaning in one’s present life. “Marshall admits that as a child, she tried to deny her West Indian heritage” (Denniston, Dorothy H., 9). Marshall works through this in her adult life by creating Selina’s character in Brown Girl, Brownstones, who admits that she had “long hated her [self] for her blackness” (p. 89). Additionally, her use of language reflects her West Indian culture and her treatment of women as oral translators of that culture. Biography continued 3 Paule Marshall © 2009 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. “Her central point, however, concerns the sense of alienation and displacement which minority peoples experience. She suggests the need for reconciling cultural conflict through self-empowerment, which becomes possible with responsible involvement with others” (Denniston, 54). Paule Marshall uses words to weave a net around her own experiences in life and those of her ancestors who came before her, to catch and examine the big issues in life within the context of her own Caribbean-American heritage Works by the author The Fisher King (2000). Daughters (1991). Reena and Other Stories (1983). Praisesong for the Widow (1983). The Chosen Place, the Timeless People (Originally titled Ceremonies at the Guest-House) (1969). Soul Clap Hands and Sing (1961). Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959). Works about the author DeLamotte, Eugenia C. Places of Silence, Journeys of Freedom (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998). Denniston, Dorothy Hamer. The Fiction of Paule Marshall: Reconstructions of History, Culture, and Gender (The University of Tennessee Press, 1995). Hathaway, Heather. Caribbean Waves: Relocating Claude McKay and Paule Marshall (Indiana University Press, 1999). Melvin, Rahming. “Towards a Caribbean Mythology: The Function of Africa in Paule Marshall’s The Chosen Place, the Timeless People” (Studies in the Literary Imagination, 1993). Pettis, Joyce. Toward Wholeness in Paule Marshall’s Fiction (University Press of Virginia, 1995). Schenck, Mary Jane. “Ceremonies of Reconciliation: Paule Marshall’s The Chosen Place, the Timeless People” (MELUS, 1994). Sascha, Tamor. “Merle of Bournehills” (Durham University Journal, 1982). Paule Marshall, original name Valenza Pauline Burke, (born April 9, 1929, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.—died August 12, 2019, Richmond, Virginia), American novelist whose works emphasized a need for black Americans to reclaim their African heritage. The Barbadian background of Burke’s parents informed all of her work. She spent 1938–39 in her parents’ home country and returned several times as a young adult. After graduating from Brooklyn College (1953), she worked briefly as a librarian before joining Our World, an African American magazine, where she worked from 1953 to 1956 as a food and fashion editor. She married Kenneth Marshall in 1957, divorcing six years later; she later remarried and divorced again. Her autobiographical first novel, Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959), tells of the American daughter of Barbadian parents who travels to their homeland as an adult. The book was critically acclaimed for its acute rendition of dialogue, gaining widespread recognition when it was reprinted in 1981. Soul Clap Hands and Sing, a 1961 collection of four novellas, presents four aging men who come to terms with their earlier refusal to affirm lasting values. Marshall’s 1962 short story “Reena” was one of the first pieces of fiction to feature a college-educated, politically active black woman as its protagonist; it was frequently anthologized and also was included in her collection Reena and Other Stories (1983). The Chosen Place, the Timeless People (1969) is set on a fictional Caribbean island and concerns a philanthropic attempt to modernize an impoverished and oppressed society. Marshall’s most eloquent statement of her belief in African Americans’ need to rediscover their heritage was Praisesong for the Widow, a highly regarded 1983 novel that established her reputation as a major writer. Its protagonist, Avatara (Avey) Johnson, a middle-class woman, undergoes a spiritual rebirth on the island of Grenada. Daughters (1991) concerns a West Indian woman in New York who returns home to assist her father’s reelection campaign. The protagonist, like those of Marshall’s other works, has an epiphany after confronting her personal and cultural past. The Fisher King (2000) is a cross-generational tale about a rift between two black Brooklyn families caused when a son and daughter become immersed in the 1940s New York jazz scene and then decamp to Paris together. Marshall taught English as well, notably at Virginia Commonwealth University (1984–94) in Richmond and at New York University (1994–2007). She was named a MacArthur fellow in 1992. Her memoir Triangular Road (2009), adapted in part from lectures delivered at Harvard University in 2005, documents her early years as a writer and meditates on the slave trade. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Stephen King Table of Contents Introduction Fast Facts Stephen (Edwin) King summary Facts & Related Content Quizzes A Study of Writers Famous Authors 49 Questions from Britannica’s Most Popular Literature Quizzes Novels and Novelists Quiz Monsters, Ghouls, and Ghosts Quiz Media Images More More Articles On This Topic Contributors Article History Related Biographies Kingston, Maxine Hong Maxine Hong Kingston Chinese-American author Rudolfo Anaya Rudolfo Anaya American author John Steinbeck John Steinbeck American novelist Joyce Carol Oates Joyce Carol Oates American author See All Home Literature Novels & Short Stories Novelists A-K Stephen King American novelist Also known as: Richard Bachmann, Stephen Edwin King Written and fact-checked by Last Updated: May 8, 2023 • Article History Stephen King Stephen King See all media Born: September 21, 1947 (age 75) Portland Maine Awards And Honors: National Medal of Arts (2015) National Medal of Arts (2015) National Book Award (2003) Notable Works: “11/22/63” “Carrie” “Cell” “Christine” “Cujo” “Dolores Claiborne” “Finders Keepers” “Firestarter” “It” “Lisey’s Story” “Misery” “Mr. Mercedes” “Needful Things” “Night Shift” “Sleeping Beauties” “The Dark Half” “The Dead Zone” “The Plant: Zenith Rising” “The Running Man” “The Shining” “The Stand” “The Tommyknockers” “UR” Stephen King, in full Stephen Edwin King, (born September 21, 1947, Portland, Maine, U.S.), American novelist and short-story writer whose books are credited with reviving the genre of horror fiction in the late 20th century. King graduated from the University of Maine in 1970 with a bachelor’s degree in English. While writing short stories, he supported himself by teaching and working as a janitor, among other jobs. His first published novel, Carrie, about a tormented teenage girl gifted with telekinetic powers, appeared in 1974 (films 1976 and 2013) and was an immediate popular success. Jules Verne (1828-1905) prolific French author whose writings laid much of the foundation of modern science fiction. Britannica Quiz Famous Authors Carrie was the first of many novels in which King blended horror, the macabre, fantasy, and science fiction. Among such works are ’Salem’s Lot (1975; TV miniseries 1979 and 2004); The Shining (1977; film 1980; TV miniseries 1997); The Stand (1978; TV miniseries 1994 and 2020–21); The Dead Zone (1979; film 1983; TV series 2002–07); Firestarter (1980; film 1984); Cujo (1981; film 1983); The Running Man (1982; film 1987); Christine (1983; film 1983); Thinner (1984; film 1996); It (1986; TV miniseries 1990; films 2017 and 2019); Misery (1987; film 1990); The Tommyknockers (1987; TV miniseries 1993); The Dark Half (1989; film 1993); Needful Things (1991; film 1993); Dolores Claiborne (1993; film 1995); Dreamcatcher (2001; film 2003); Cell (2006); Lisey’s Story (2006; TV miniseries 2021); Duma Key (2008); Under the Dome (2009; TV series 2013–15); 11/22/63 (2011; TV miniseries 2016); Joyland (2013); Doctor Sleep (2013; film 2019), a sequel to The Shining; Revival (2014); The Outsider (2018; TV miniseries 2020); The Institute (2019); and Later (2021). King published several early novels, among them the The Running Man, under the pseudonym Richard Bachman. After admitting to being Bachman, King released a collection of the first four Bachman novels, The Bachman Books (1985), under his own name; it also included his essay “Why I Was Bachman.” King later published The Regulators (1996) and Blaze (2007) under Bachman’s name. King’s Mr. Mercedes (2014), Finders Keepers (2015), and End of Watch (2016) form a trilogy of hard-boiled crime novels centring on retired detective Bill Hodges. King also wrote a serial novel, The Dark Tower, whose first installment, The Gunslinger, appeared in 1982; an eighth volume was published in 2012. A film adaptation of the series was released in 2017. Pennywise in the film It Pennywise in the film It In his books King explores almost every terror-producing theme imaginable, from vampires, rabid dogs, deranged killers, and a pyromaniac to ghosts, extrasensory perception and telekinesis, biological warfare, and even a malevolent automobile. In his later fiction, exemplified by Dolores Claiborne, King departed from the horror genre to provide sharply detailed psychological portraits of his protagonists, many of them women, who confront difficult and challenging circumstances. Though sometimes disparaged as undisciplined and inelegant, King’s books show him to be a talented storyteller who deploys realistic detail, forceful plotting, and an undoubted ability to involve and scare the reader. His work consistently addresses such themes as the potential for politics and technology to disrupt or even destroy an individual human life. Obsession, the forms it can assume and its power to wreck individuals, families, and whole communities, is a recurring theme in King’s fiction, driving the narratives of Christine, Misery, and Needful Things. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. By the early 1990s King’s books had sold more than 100 million copies worldwide, and his name had become synonymous with the genre of horror fiction. His short fiction has been collected in such volumes as Night Shift (1978), Nightmares and Dreamscapes (1993), Hearts in Atlantis (1999; film 2001), Just After Sunset (2008), and The Bazaar of Bad Dreams (2015). The story “Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption,” which was published in Different Seasons (1982), inspired the popular film The Shawshank Redemption (1994). Numerous other TV and film adaptations have been made of King’s works, and they involved such notable directors as John Carpenter, David Cronenberg, Brian De Palma, Stanley Kubrick, and Rob Reiner. While King often had little participation in these projects, he wrote the TV miniseries The Shining (1997) and Lisey’s Story (2021). He also penned several motion-picture screenplays. King explored both his own career and the craft of writing in On Writing (2000), a book he completed as he was recovering from severe injuries received after being struck by a car. He has also experimented with different forms of book distribution: The Plant: Zenith Rising was released in 2000 solely as an e-book, distributed via the Internet, with readers asked but not required to pay for it, and the novella UR was made available in 2009 only to users of the Kindle electronic reading device. The short story “Drunken Fireworks” was released in 2015 as an audiobook prior to its print publication. King and his wife, Tabitha King, a writer, have a daughter, Naomi King, who is a Unitarian Universalist minister, and two sons, Joe Hill and Owen King, who are novelists. With Owen King he wrote Sleeping Beauties (2017), in which women become wrapped in cocoons when they fall asleep. Stephen King received the National Book Foundation’s Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters in 2003 and the National Medal of Arts in 2015. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by J.E. Luebering. Maya Angelou Table of Contents Introduction & Top Questions Fast Facts Maya Angelou summary Facts & Related Content Top Questions What were Maya Angelou’s jobs? Read Next World Poetry Day Quizzes Authors of Classic Literature Pop Culture Quiz Who Said It? Quotations of Women in Literature Quiz Classic Children’s Books Quiz A Study of Poetry Media Images More More Articles On This Topic Contributors Article History Related Biographies Henry Rollins, 2010. Henry Rollins American singer and writer Tyler Perry Tyler Perry American playwright, actor, screenwriter, producer, and director Ossie Davis Ossie Davis American actor and playwright Woody Allen Woody Allen American actor and director See All Home Literature Novels & Short Stories Novelists A-K Maya Angelou American poet, memoirist, and actress Also known as: Marguerite Annie Johnson Written and fact-checked by Last Updated: May 24, 2023 • Article History Maya Angelou, 1996. Maya Angelou See all media Born: April 4, 1928 Saint Louis Missouri Died: May 28, 2014 (aged 86) Winston-Salem North Carolina Awards And Honors: Presidential Medal of Freedom (2011) Grammy Award (2002) Grammy Award (1995) Grammy Award (1993) Grammy Award (2003): Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Award (1996): Best Spoken Word or Non-Musical Album Grammy Award (1994): Best Spoken Word or Non-Musical Album National Medal of Arts (2000) National Women's Hall of Fame (inducted 1928) Presidential Medal of Freedom (2011) Spingarn Medal (1994) Notable Works: “Down in the Delta” “His Day Is Done” “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” “On the Pulse of Morning” Notable Family Members: daughter of Bailey Johnson, Sr. daughter of Vivian Baxter married to Tosh Angelos married to Paul du Feu mother of Guy Johnson sister of Bailey Johnson, Jr. Top Questions Why is Maya Angelou important? What is Maya Angelou best known for? What were Maya Angelou’s jobs? What awards did Maya Angelou win? Maya Angelou, original name Marguerite Annie Johnson, (born April 4, 1928, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.—died May 28, 2014, Winston-Salem, North Carolina), American poet, memoirist, and actress whose several volumes of autobiography explore the themes of economic, racial, and sexual oppression. Although born in St. Louis, Angelou spent much of her childhood in the care of her paternal grandmother in rural Stamps, Arkansas. When she was not yet eight years old, she was raped by her mother’s boyfriend and told of it, after which he was murdered; the traumatic sequence of events left her almost completely mute for several years. This early life is the focus of her first autobiographical work, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969; TV movie 1979), which gained critical acclaim and a National Book Award nomination. Subsequent volumes of autobiography include Gather Together in My Name (1974), Singin’ and Swingin’ and Gettin’ Merry Like Christmas (1976), The Heart of a Woman (1981), All God’s Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986), A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002), and Mom & Me & Mom (2013). Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) portrait by Carl Van Vecht April 3, 1938. Writer, folklorist and anthropologist celebrated African American culture of the rural South. Britannica Quiz Who Said It? Quotations of Women in Literature Quiz In 1940 Angelou moved with her mother to San Francisco and worked intermittently as a cocktail waitress, a prostitute and madam, a cook, and a dancer. It was as a dancer that she assumed her professional name. Moving to New York City in the late 1950s, Angelou found encouragement for her literary talents at the Harlem Writers’ Guild. About the same time, Angelou landed a featured role in a State Department-sponsored production of George Gershwin’s folk opera Porgy and Bess; with this troupe she toured 22 countries in Europe and Africa. She also studied dance with Martha Graham and Pearl Primus. In 1961 she performed in Jean Genet’s play The Blacks. That same year she was persuaded by a South African dissident to whom she was briefly married to move to Cairo, where she worked for the Arab Observer. She later moved to Ghana and worked on The African Review. Roots Roots Angelou returned to California in 1966 and wrote Black, Blues, Black (aired 1968), a 10-part television series about the role of African culture in American life. As the writer of the movie drama Georgia, Georgia (1972), she became one of the first African American women to have a screenplay produced as a feature film. She also acted in such movies as Poetic Justice (1993) and How to Make an American Quilt (1995) and appeared in several television productions, including the miniseries Roots (1977). Angelou received a Tony Award nomination for her performance in Look Away (1973), despite the fact that the play closed on Broadway after only one performance. In 1998 she made her directorial debut with Down in the Delta (1998). The documentary Maya Angelou and Still I Rise (2016) depicts her life through interviews with Angelou and her intimates and admirers. Angelou’s poetry, collected in such volumes as Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ’fore I Diiie (1971), And Still I Rise (1978), Now Sheba Sings the Song (1987), and I Shall Not Be Moved (1990), drew heavily on her personal history but employed the points of view of various personae. She also wrote a book of meditations, Wouldn’t Take Nothing for My Journey Now (1993), and children’s books that include My Painted House, My Friendly Chicken and Me (1994), Life Doesn’t Frighten Me (1998), and the Maya’s World series, which was published in 2004–05 and featured stories of children from various parts of the world. Angelou dispensed anecdote-laden advice to women in Letter to My Daughter (2008); her only biological child was male. Angelou, Maya Angelou, Maya In 1981 Angelou, who was often referred to as “Dr. Angelou” despite her lack of a college education, became a professor of American studies at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Among numerous honours was her invitation to compose and deliver a poem, “On the Pulse of Morning,” for the inauguration of U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton in 1993. She celebrated the 50th anniversary of the United Nations in the poem “A Brave and Startling Truth” (1995) and elegized Nelson Mandela in the poem “His Day Is Done” (2013), which was commissioned by the U.S. State Department and released in the wake of the South African leader’s death. In 2011 Angelou was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. James Baldwin Table of Contents Introduction & Top Questions Pop Quiz! Martin Luther King, Jr. (center), with other civil rights supporters lock arms on as they lead the way along Constitution Avenue during the March on Washington, Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963. Pop Quiz: 17 Things to Know About the American Civil Rights Movement Fast Facts Facts & Related Content Quotes Read Next 9 American Countercultural Books 9 LGBTQ Writers You Should Read Quizzes Pop Quiz: 17 Things to Know About the American Civil Rights Movement American Civil Rights Movement Quiz Media Images More More Articles On This Topic Additional Reading Contributors Article History Related Biographies Stein, Gertrude Gertrude Stein American writer Richard Wright Richard Wright American writer Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams American playwright Gore Vidal Gore Vidal American writer See All Home Literature Novels & Short Stories Novelists A-K James Baldwin American author Also known as: James Arthur Baldwin Written and fact-checked by Last Updated: Apr 26, 2023 • Article History James Baldwin James Baldwin See all media Born: August 2, 1924 New York City New York Died: December 1, 1987 (aged 63) France Notable Works: “Another Country” “Blues for Mister Charlie” “Giovanni’s Room” “Go Tell It on the Mountain” “Going to Meet the Man” “If Beale Street Could Talk” “Just Above My Head” “Nobody Knows My Name” “Notes of a Native Son” “Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone” “The Fire Next Time” “The Price of the Ticket” Role In: American civil rights movement Top Questions What is James Baldwin known for? What was James Baldwin’s education? What novels and plays did James Baldwin write? Where did James Baldwin live? James Baldwin, in full James Arthur Baldwin, (born August 2, 1924, New York, New York—died December 1, 1987, Saint-Paul, France), American essayist, novelist, and playwright whose eloquence and passion on the subject of race in America made him an important voice, particularly in the late 1950s and early 1960s, in the United States and, later, through much of western Europe. The eldest of nine children, he grew up in poverty in the Black ghetto of Harlem in New York City. From age 14 to 16 he was active during out-of-school hours as a preacher in a small revivalist church, a period he wrote about in his semiautobiographical first and finest novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), and in his play about a woman evangelist, The Amen Corner (performed in New York City, 1965). Martin Luther King, Jr. (center), with other civil rights supporters lock arms on as they lead the way along Constitution Avenue during the March on Washington, Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963. Britannica Quiz Pop Quiz: 17 Things to Know About the American Civil Rights Movement (Read W.E.B. Du Bois’ 1926 Britannica essay on African American literature.) After graduation from high school, he began a restless period of ill-paid jobs, self-study, and literary apprenticeship in Greenwich Village, the bohemian quarter of New York City. He left in 1948 for Paris, where he lived for the next eight years. (In later years, from 1969, he became a self-styled “transatlantic commuter,” living alternatively in the south of France and in New York and New England.) His second novel, Giovanni’s Room (1956), deals with the white world and concerns an American in Paris torn between his love for a man and his love for a woman. Between the two novels came a collection of essays, Notes of a Native Son (1955). In 1957 he returned to the United States and became an active participant in the civil rights struggle that swept the nation. His book of essays, Nobody Knows My Name (1961), explores Black-white relations in the United States. This theme also was central to his novel Another Country (1962), which examines sexual as well as racial issues. (Read Henry Louis Gates, Jr.’s Britannica essay on “Monuments of Hope.”) Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The New Yorker magazine gave over almost all of its November 17, 1962, issue to a long article by Baldwin on the Black Muslim separatist movement and other aspects of the civil rights struggle. The article became a best seller in book form as The Fire Next Time (1963). His bitter play about racist oppression, Blues for Mister Charlie (“Mister Charlie” being a Black term for a white man), played on Broadway to mixed reviews in 1964. Though Baldwin continued to write until his death—publishing works including Going to Meet the Man (1965), a collection of short stories; the novels Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone (1968), If Beale Street Could Talk (1974), and Just Above My Head (1979); and The Price of the Ticket (1985), a collection of autobiographical writings—none of his later works achieved the popular and critical success of his early work. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. Harper Lee Table of Contents Introduction & Top Questions Fast Facts Facts & Related Content Read Next 12 Novels Considered the “Greatest Book Ever Written” Quizzes American Writers Quiz Media Videos Images More More Articles On This Topic Contributors Article History Related Biographies Toni Morrison Toni Morrison American author Eudora Welty Eudora Welty American author Alice Walker Alice Walker American writer Norman Mailer Norman Mailer American author See All Home Literature Novels & Short Stories Novelists L-Z Harper Lee American writer Also known as: Nelle Harper Lee Written by Fact-checked by Last Updated: Apr 24, 2023 • Article History Harper Lee Harper Lee See all media Born: April 28, 1926 Alabama Died: February 19, 2016 (aged 89) Alabama Awards And Honors: Pulitzer Prize Presidential Medal of Freedom (2007) Notable Works: “Go Set a Watchman” “To Kill a Mockingbird” Top Questions Why is Harper Lee significant? Where did Harper Lee go to school? What did Harper Lee write? What awards did Harper Lee win? Harper Lee, in full Nelle Harper Lee, (born April 28, 1926, Monroeville, Alabama, U.S.—died February 19, 2016, Monroeville), American writer nationally acclaimed for her novel To Kill a Mockingbird (1960). Harper Lee’s father was Amasa Coleman Lee, a lawyer who by all accounts resembled the hero of her novel in his sound citizenship and warmheartedness. The plot of To Kill a Mockingbird is based in part on his unsuccessful youthful defense of two African American men convicted of murder. Lee studied law at the University of Alabama (spending a summer as an exchange student at the University of Oxford), but she left for New York City without earning a degree. In New York she worked as an airline reservationist but soon received financial aid from friends that allowed her to write full-time. With the help of an editor, she transformed a series of short stories into To Kill a Mockingbird. Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) portrait by Carl Van Vecht April 3, 1938. Writer, folklorist and anthropologist celebrated African American culture of the rural South. Britannica Quiz American Writers Quiz The novel is told predominately from the perspective of a young girl, Jean Louise (“Scout”) Finch (who ages from six to nine years old during the course of the novel), the daughter of white lawyer Atticus Finch, and occasionally from the retrospective adult voice of Jean Louise. Scout and her brother, Jem, learn the principles of racial justice and open-mindedness from their father, whose just and compassionate acts include an unpopular defense of a Black man falsely accused of raping a white girl. They also develop the courage and the strength to follow their convictions in their acquaintance and eventual friendship with a recluse, “Boo” Radley, who has been demonized by the community. To Kill a Mockingbird received a Pulitzer Prize in 1961 and has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide. Criticism of its tendency to sermonize has been matched by praise of its insight and stylistic effectiveness. It became a memorable film in 1962. A Broadway play, adapted by Aaron Sorkin, appeared in 2018. One character from the novel, Charles Baker (“Dill”) Harris, is based on Lee’s childhood friend and next door neighbour in Monroeville, Alabama, Truman Capote. When Capote traveled to Kansas in 1959 to cover the murders of the Clutter family for The New Yorker, Lee accompanied him as what he called his “assistant researchist.” She spent months with Capote interviewing townspeople, writing voluminous notes, sharing impressions, and later returning to Kansas for the trial of the accused—contributions Capote would later use in the composition of In Cold Blood. After the phenomenal success that followed the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird, some suspected that Capote was the actual author of Lee’s work, a rumour that was proven wrong when in 2006 a 1959 letter from Capote to his aunt was found, stating that he had read and liked the draft of To Kill a Mockingbird that Lee had shown him but making no mention of any role in writing it. Go Set a Watchman Go Set a Watchman After a few years in New York, Lee divided her time between that city and her hometown, eventually settling back in Monroeville, Alabama. She also wrote a few short essays, including “Romance and High Adventure” (1983), devoted to Alabama history. Go Set a Watchman, written before To Kill a Mockingbird but essentially a sequel featuring Scout as a grown woman who returns to her childhood home in Alabama to visit her father, was released in 2015. Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2007. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Laura Fine The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Toni Morrison Table of Contents Introduction & Top Questions Fast Facts Toni Morrison summary Facts & Related Content Top Questions Why is Toni Morrison important? Read Next 12 Novels Considered the “Greatest Book Ever Written” Quizzes Classic Children’s Books Quiz 49 Questions from Britannica’s Most Popular Literature Quizzes Who Said It? Writers and Musicians Quiz Novels and Novelists Quiz Media Images More More Articles On This Topic Additional Reading Contributors Article History Related Biographies Alice Walker Alice Walker American writer Eudora Welty Eudora Welty American author William Faulkner William Faulkner American author John Steinbeck John Steinbeck American novelist See All Home Literature Novels & Short Stories Novelists L-Z Toni Morrison American author Also known as: Chloe Anthony Wofford Written and fact-checked by Last Updated: Article History Toni Morrison Toni Morrison See all media Born: February 18, 1931 Lorain Ohio Died: August 5, 2019 (aged 88) New York City New York Awards And Honors: Presidential Medal of Freedom (2012) Nobel Prize (1993) Pulitzer Prize (1988) Notable Works: “The Book About Mean People” “A Mercy” “Beloved” “God Help the Child” “Home” “Jazz” “Love” “Paradise” “Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination” “Please, Louise” “Song of Solomon” “Sula” “The Bluest Eye” “The Source of Self-Regard: Selected Essays, Speeches, and Meditations” “What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction” Movement / Style: Black Arts movement Top Questions What did Toni Morrison write? Why is Toni Morrison important? What awards did Toni Morrison win? Toni Morrison, original name Chloe Anthony Wofford, (born February 18, 1931, Lorain, Ohio, U.S.—died August 5, 2019, Bronx, New York), American writer noted for her examination of Black experience (particularly Black female experience) within the Black community. She received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. Morrison grew up in the American Midwest in a family that possessed an intense love of and appreciation for Black culture. Storytelling, songs, and folktales were a deeply formative part of her childhood. She attended Howard University (B.A., 1953) and Cornell University (M.A., 1955). After teaching at Texas Southern University for two years, she taught at Howard from 1957 to 1964. In 1965 Morrison became a fiction editor at Random House, where she worked for a number of years. In 1984 she began teaching writing at the State University of New York at Albany, which she left in 1989 to join the faculty of Princeton University; she retired in 2006. Book Jacket of "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" by American children's author illustrator Eric Carle (born 1929) Britannica Quiz Classic Children’s Books Quiz (Read W.E.B. Du Bois’ 1926 Britannica essay on African American literature.) Toni Morrison Toni Morrison Morrison’s first book, The Bluest Eye (1970), is a novel of initiation concerning a victimized adolescent Black girl who is obsessed by white standards of beauty and longs to have blue eyes. In 1973 a second novel, Sula, was published; it examines (among other issues) the dynamics of friendship and the expectations for conformity within the community. Song of Solomon (1977) is told by a male narrator in search of his identity; its publication brought Morrison to national attention. Tar Baby (1981), set on a Caribbean island, explores conflicts of race, class, and sex. The critically acclaimed Beloved (1987), which won a Pulitzer Prize for fiction, is based on the true story of a runaway slave who, at the point of recapture, kills her infant daughter in order to spare her a life of slavery. A film adaptation of the novel was released in 1998 and starred Oprah Winfrey. In addition, Morrison wrote the libretto for Margaret Garner (2005), an opera about the same story that inspired Beloved. (Read Henry Louis Gates, Jr.’s Britannica essay on "Monuments of Hope.") Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Toni Morrison receiving the Nobel Prize Toni Morrison receiving the Nobel Prize In 1992 Morrison released Jazz, a story of violence and passion set in New York City’s Harlem during the 1920s. Subsequent novels were Paradise (1998), a richly detailed portrait of a Black utopian community in Oklahoma, and Love (2003), an intricate family story that reveals the myriad facets of love and its ostensible opposite. A Mercy (2008) deals with slavery in 17th-century America. In the redemptive Home (2012), a traumatized Korean War veteran encounters racism after returning home and later overcomes apat
  • Condition: Good
  • Publication Year: 1981
  • Format: Trade Paperback
  • Language: English
  • Book Title: Brown Girl, Brownstones
  • Author: Paule Marshall
  • Features: Reprint
  • Publisher: Feminist Press AT T.H.E. City University of NY
  • Genre: Fiction
  • Topic: General
  • ISBN: 0912670967

PicClick Insights - Marshall, Paule: Brown Girl, Brownstones; SIGNED Feminist Press, 1981 paperback PicClick Exclusive

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