President Gerald Ford University Michigan Football National Champions Yearbook

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176278959864 PRESIDENT GERALD FORD UNIVERSITY MICHIGAN FOOTBALL NATIONAL CHAMPIONS YEARBOOK. A FANTASTIC 1933 NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN YEARBOOK FEATURING PRESIDENT GERALD FORD AS A FOOTBALL PLAYER AND PART OF THAT NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP TEAM. 100'S OF PAGES FEATURED IN THIS YEARBOOK The 1933 college football season saw the Michigan Wolverines repeat as winners of the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the Dickinson System. The unofficial east–west championship game, the Rose Bowl, was between Stanford (8–1–1) who was ranked behind USC and unranked Columbia (7–1). The Columbia Lions won the Rose Bowl game 7–0
The 1933 college football season saw the Michigan Wolverines repeat as winners of the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the Dickinson System. The unofficial east–west championship game, the Rose Bowl, was between Stanford (8–1–1) who was ranked behind USC and unranked Columbia (7–1). The Columbia Lions won the Rose Bowl game 7–0. Conference and program changes Conference changes Two new conferences began play in 1933: Chesapeake Conference – active through the 1936 season Southeastern Conference (SEC) – active NCAA Division I FBS conference; formed after its thirteen members broke away from the Southern Conference in 1932. Membership changes School 1932 Conference 1933 Conference Auburn Tigers SoCon SEC Alabama Crimson Tide SoCon SEC Florida Gators SoCon SEC Georgia Buldogs SoCon SEC Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets SoCon SEC Kentucky Wildcats SoCon SEC LSU Tigers SoCon SEC Mississippi Rebels SoCon SEC Mississippi State Bulldogs SoCon SEC Northeastern Huskies No program NEC Sewanee Tigers SoCon SEC Tennessee Volunteers SoCon SEC Tulane Green Wave SoCon SEC Vanderbilt Commodores SoCon SEC September September 23 USC opened its season with a doubleheader against Occidental College, and Whittier College. Using a combination of varsity and reserves, the Trojans won 39–0 and 51–0, respectively.[1] Although future President Richard M. Nixon had been on the freshman football team at Whittier, he was not part of the varsity squad that played against USC. Oregon defeated Linfield College 53–0. Stanford beat San Jose State 27–0 September 30 Stanford narrowly defeated UCLA 3–0, USC beat Loyola Marymount 18–0, and Oregon won at Gonzaga 14–0. Army opened with a 19–6 win over Mercer College. Minnesota beat visiting South Dakota State 19–6. Pittsburgh beat Washington & Jefferson 9–0. October October 7 USC defeated Washington State 33–0, Stanford beat Santa Clara 7–0, and Oregon got past Portland College 14–7. Minnesota and Indiana tied 6–6. Michigan (whose team included Gerald Ford as a center) beat Michigan State 20–6, Purdue beat Ohio University 13–6, and Ohio State rolled over Virginia 75–0. Army beat Virginia Military Institute (VMI) 32–0 Pittsburgh beat West Virginia 21–0. Nebraska beat visiting Texas 26–0. Princeton opened its season with a shutout (40–0) over Amherst. October 14 In Minneapolis, Minnesota and Purdue played to a 7–7 tie. In Chicago, Stanford and Northwestern played to a 0–0 tie. Oregon won at Washington 6–0, and USC beat St. Mary's 14–7. Army defeated Delaware 52–0 and Pittsburgh beat Navy 34–6. Ohio State defeated Vanderbilt 20–0. Michigan beat Cornell 40–0. Nebraska won at Iowa State 20–0. Princeton recorded its second shutout, a 45–0 win over Williams. Tennessee suffered its first defeat since 1930, losing 10–2 against Duke. October 21 Michigan beat visiting Ohio State 13–0. Minnesota (1–0–2) hosted Pittsburgh (3–0–0), with the home team Gophers winning, 7–3. Purdue won at Chicago 14–0. In Portland, USC and Oregon State played to a 0–0 tie. Stanford won at the University of San Francisco, 20–13. In Cleveland Army beat Illinois 6–0. Nebraska won at Kansas State 9–0. Oregon beat Idaho 19–0 in a Friday Night game. Princeton beat Columbia, 20–0, to stay unscored upon. October 28 USC narrowly won at California, 6–3, Oregon won at UCLA 7–0, and Stanford lost at Washington 6–0. Michigan won at Chicago 28–0, Ohio State beat Northwestern 12–0, Minnesota beat Iowa 19–7, and Purdue won at Wisconsin 14–0. Army won at Yale 21–0. Pittsburgh won at Notre Dame 14–0. Nebraska beat Oklahoma 16–7. Princeton narrowly won, but stayed unscored upon, with a 6–0 win over Washington & Lee. November November 4 Oregon beat Utah 26–7. Stanford beat the Olympic Club 21–0 and Army beat Coe College 34–0. Purdue beat Carnegie Tech 17–7. Michigan won at Illinois, 7–6, Ohio State beat Indiana 21–0. Minnesota and Northwestern played to a 0–0 tie. Pittsburgh beat Centre College 37–0. Nebraska stayed unbeaten with a 26–0 win over Missouri. Princeton extended its shutout streak to five with a 33–0 win at Brown. November 11 In Los Angeles, USC (6–0–1) hosted Stanford (5–1–1). The Trojans suffered their first defeat in 27 games, losing 13–7, in a game that ultimately decided the Pacific Coast championship. Michigan defeated Iowa 5–3. At Portland, Oregon beat Oregon State, 13–3 to extend its record to 8–0–0. Army won at Harvard 27–0. In Phildadelphia, Ohio State beat Penn 20–7 and Purdue won at Notre Dame 19–0. Pittsburgh beat Duquesne 7–0 and Nebraska defeated Kansas 12–0 Princeton beat Dartmouth, 7–0, for its sixth straight shutout. November 18 USC (6–1–1) handed visiting Oregon (8–0–0) its first defeat, 26–0. Michigan (6–0–0) and Minnesota (3–0–3), both unbeaten, played to a scoreless tie. Pittsburgh (6–1–0) hosted Nebraska (5–0–0) and won 6–0. Princeton beat visiting Navy 13–0. In seven games, it had outscored its opponents 164–0. Stanford beat Montana 33–7. Army defeated Pennsylvania Military Institute, 12–0. Ohio State won at Wisconsin 6–0. Purdue suffered its first loss of the season, falling 14–6 to visiting Iowa. November 25 Princeton was finally scored upon, after holding its first seven opponents scoreless. The streak was broken by Rutgers, which lost 26–6. USC won at Notre Dame, 19–0 and Stanford beat California 7–3. The annual Army–Navy Game took place in Philadelphia, and Army won 12–7. Ohio State closed its season with a 7–6 win over Illinois and Michigan won at Northwestern 13–0, Minnesota beat Wisconsin 6–3, and Purdue won at Indiana 19–3. Nebraska beat Iowa 7–6 Thanksgiving Day fell on November 30 in 1933. Nebraska defeated Oregon State 22–0 to close its season at 8–1–0. Oregon won at St. Mary's, 13–7. Pittsburgh beat Carnegie Tech 16–0. December December 2 In Los Angeles, USC (8–1–1) hosted Georgia (8–1–0) and won 31–0 Army (9–0–0) and Notre Dame (2–5–1) met at Yankee Stadium. The Fighting Irish pulled off a 13–12 upset. Princeton, no longer having to maintain a streak of shutouts, won at Yale 27–2 to finish as the nation's only unbeaten and untied team. 1934 Rose Bowl Main article: 1934 Rose Bowl The Columbia Lions defeated the Stanford Indians (now Cardinal) 7–0.[2] Cliff Montgomery, the Columbia quarterback, was named the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively.[3] Other bowls Dixie Classic Conference standings Major conference standings 1933 Big Six Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Nebraska $ 5 – 0 – 0 8 – 1 – 0 Kansas State 4 – 1 – 0 6 – 2 – 1 Oklahoma 3 – 2 – 0 4 – 4 – 1 Kansas 2 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 1 Iowa State 1 – 4 – 0 3 – 5 – 1 Missouri 0 – 5 – 0 1 – 8 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 Big Ten Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T No. 1 Michigan + 5 – 0 – 1 7 – 0 – 1 No. 3 Minnesota + 2 – 0 – 4 4 – 0 – 4 No. 5 Ohio State 4 – 1 – 0 7 – 1 – 0 No. 10 Purdue 3 – 1 – 1 6 – 1 – 1 Illinois 3 – 2 – 0 5 – 3 – 0 Iowa 3 – 2 – 0 5 – 3 – 0 Northwestern 1 – 4 – 1 1 – 5 – 2 Chicago 0 – 3 – 2 3 – 3 – 2 Indiana 0 – 3 – 2 1 – 5 – 2 Wisconsin 0 – 5 – 1 2 – 5 – 1 + – Conference co-champions Rankings from Dickinson System 1933 Border Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Texas Tech $ 1 – 0 – 0 8 – 1 – 0 Arizona State–Flagstaff 4 – 1 – 0 5 – 1 – 0 Arizona 3 – 2 – 0 5 – 3 – 0 New Mexico 2 – 2 – 0 3 – 4 – 1 Arizona State 2 – 3 – 0 3 – 5 – 0 New Mexico A&M 0 – 4 – 0 2 – 6 – 0 $ – Conference champion Reference[4] 1933 Middle Three Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Rutgers $ 2 – 0 – 0 6 – 3 – 1 Lafayette 1 – 1 – 0 3 – 5 – 1 Lehigh 0 – 2 – 0 2 – 6 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 Missouri Valley Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Oklahoma A&M $ 2 – 0 – 0 6 – 2 – 1 Drake 5 – 1 – 0 6 – 3 – 1 Creighton 2 – 2 – 0 3 – 4 – 1 Washington University 1 – 2 – 0 4 – 5 – 0 Butler 0 – 2 – 0 2 – 6 – 0 Grinnell 0 – 3 – 0 0 – 8 – 1 $ – Conference champion 1933 Pacific Coast Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Stanford ^ + 4 – 1 – 0 8 – 2 – 1 Oregon + 4 – 1 – 0 9 – 1 – 0 USC 4 – 1 – 1 10 – 1 – 1 Oregon State 2 – 1 – 1 6 – 2 – 2 Washington State 3 – 3 – 1 5 – 3 – 1 California 2 – 2 – 2 6 – 3 – 2 Washington 3 – 4 – 0 5 – 4 – 0 UCLA 1 – 3 – 1 6 – 4 – 1 Idaho 1 – 4 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 Montana 0 – 4 – 0 3 – 4 – 0 + – Conference co-champions ^ – Selected as Rose Bowl representative 1933 Rocky Mountain Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Utah + 5 – 1 – 0 5 – 3 – 0 Colorado Agricultural + 5 – 1 – 1 5 – 1 – 1 Denver + 5 – 1 – 1 5 – 3 – 1 Colorado 5 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 0 BYU 5 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 0 Utah State 4 – 3 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 Colorado Teachers 3 – 3 – 0 4 – 3 – 0 Colorado College 2 – 4 – 1 2 – 5 – 1 Montana State 1 – 3 – 0 2 – 5 – 0 Colorado Mines 1 – 5 – 0 1 – 5 – 0 Wyoming 1 – 6 – 1 2 – 6 – 1 Western State (CO) 0 – 5 – 0 0 – 5 – 0 + – Conference co-champions 1933 Southeastern Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Alabama $ 5 – 0 – 1 7 – 1 – 1 LSU 3 – 0 – 2 7 – 0 – 3 Georgia 3 – 1 – 0 8 – 2 – 0 Tennessee 5 – 2 – 0 7 – 3 – 0 Tulane 4 – 2 – 1 6 – 3 – 1 Auburn 2 – 2 – 0 5 – 5 – 0 Ole Miss 2 – 2 – 1 6 – 3 – 2 Vanderbilt 2 – 2 – 2 4 – 3 – 3 Florida 2 – 3 – 0 5 – 3 – 1 Kentucky 2 – 3 – 0 5 – 5 – 0 Georgia Tech 2 – 5 – 0 5 – 5 – 0 Mississippi State 1 – 5 – 1 3 – 6 – 1 Sewanee 0 – 6 – 0 3 – 6 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Murray State $ 7 – 0 – 0 9 – 0 – 0 Howard (AL) 5 – 0 – 0 7 – 1 – 2 Centenary 3 – 0 – 0 8 – 0 – 4 Furman 4 – 0 – 1 6 – 1 – 2 Union (KY) 3 – 0 – 1 4 – 1 – 1 Miami (FL) 2 – 0 – 1 5 – 1 – 2 Western Kentucky State Teachers 5 – 1 – 0 6 – 2 – 0 Centre 3 – 1 – 0 7 – 3 – 0 Loyola (LA) 3 – 1 – 0 6 – 4 – 1 Rollins 2 – 1 – 0 6 – 2 – 0 SW Louisiana 3 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 0 Presbyterian 3 – 2 – 0 4 – 2 – 2 Millsaps 3 – 2 – 1 4 – 4 – 2 Newberry 2 – 2 – 1 6 – 3 – 1 Tennessee Tech 2 – 2 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 The Citadel 2 – 2 – 1 3 – 5 – 1 Louisiana Normal 2 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0 Mississippi College 2 – 3 – 0 3 – 4 – 1 Georgetown (KY) 2 – 3 – 1 2 – 5 – 1 Mississippi State Teachers 2 – 4 – 1 3 – 5 – 2 Southwestern (TN) 1 – 2 – 0 3 – 4 – 2 Louisiana Tech 1 – 3 – 0 1 – 7 – 0 Louisiana College 1 – 4 – 0 3 – 4 – 0 Wofford 1 – 4 – 0 3 – 6 – 0 Transylvania 1 – 4 – 0 1 – 7 – 1 Erskine 1 – 5 – 0 2 – 7 – 0 Union (TN) 1 – 5 – 0 3 – 7 – 0 Louisville 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 7 – 0 Stetson 0 – 0 – 1 4 – 2 – 1 Mercer 0 – 0 – 1 4 – 3 – 2 Eastern Kentucky State Teachers 0 – 2 – 2 1 – 2 – 3 Middle Tennessee State Teachers 0 – 4 – 0 1 – 7 – 1 $ – Conference champion 1933 Southern Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Duke $ 4 – 0 – 0 9 – 1 – 0 South Carolina 3 – 0 – 0 6 – 3 – 1 North Carolina 2 – 1 – 0 4 – 5 – 0 VMI 2 – 1 – 1 2 – 7 – 1 Washington and Lee 1 – 1 – 1 4 – 4 – 2 Clemson 1 – 1 – 0 3 – 6 – 2 VPI 1 – 1 – 3 4 – 3 – 3 Virginia 1 – 3 – 1 2 – 6 – 2 Maryland 1 – 4 – 0 3 – 7 – 0 NC State 0 – 4 – 0 1 – 5 – 3 $ – Conference champion 1933 Southwest Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Arkansas 4 – 1 – 0 7 – 3 – 1 TCU 4 – 2 – 0 9 – 2 – 1 Baylor 4 – 2 – 0 6 – 4 – 0 Texas A&M 2 – 2 – 1 6 – 3 – 1 Texas 2 – 3 – 1 4 – 5 – 2 SMU 2 – 4 – 0 4 – 7 – 1 Rice 1 – 5 – 0 3 – 8 – 0 Because of an ineligible played used by Arkansas, no championship was awarded. Independents 1933 Eastern college football independents records vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Princeton – 9 – 0 – 0 Duquesne – 10 – 1 – 0 Army – 9 – 1 – 0 Boston College – 8 – 1 – 0 Columbia – 8 – 1 – 0 Pittsburgh – 8 – 1 – 0 Colgate – 6 – 1 – 1 Bucknell – 7 – 2 – 0 Fordham – 6 – 2 – 0 Tufts – 6 – 2 – 0 Villanova – 7 – 2 – 1 Drexel – 5 – 3 – 0 Massachusetts State – 5 – 3 – 0 Temple – 5 – 3 – 0 Manhattan – 5 – 3 – 1 Cornell – 4 – 3 – 0 Carnegie Tech – 4 – 3 – 2 La Salle – 3 – 3 – 2 Syracuse – 4 – 4 – 0 Yale – 4 – 4 – 0 Penn State – 3 – 3 – 1 Brown – 3 – 5 – 0 Vermont – 3 – 5 – 0 Franklin & Marshall – 4 – 5 – 0 NYU – 2 – 4 – 1 Penn – 2 – 4 – 1 Northeastern – 1 – 3 – 1 Boston University – 2 – 5 – 0 Washington & Jefferson – 2 – 7 – 1 CCNY – 1 – 5 – 1 1933 Midwestern college football independents records vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T DePaul – 6 – 0 – 1 Detroit – 7 – 1 – 0 Michigan State Normal – 5 – 2 – 0 Saint Louis – 6 – 3 – 0 Central State (MI) – 5 – 2 – 1 Michigan State – 4 – 2 – 2 Missouri Mines – 4 – 3 – 0 Western State Teachers (MI) – 3 – 3 – 1 Marquette – 3 – 4 – 1 Notre Dame – 3 – 5 – 1 Haskell – 2 – 6 – 3 Detroit City – 2 – 5 – 1 1933 Southern college football independents records vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Oklahoma City – 8 – 1 – 0 Tulsa – 6 – 1 – 0 Troy State – 5 – 1 – 0 Texas A&I – 6 – 2 – 0 Catholic University – 6 – 3 – 0 South Georgia Teachers – 5 – 3 – 0 Western Maryland – 5 – 3 – 0 William & Mary Norfolk – 5 – 3 – 1 George Washington – 5 – 3 – 1 Navy – 5 – 4 – 0 Delaware State – 4 – 4 – 0 Oglethorpe – 4 – 5 – 0 Texas Mines – 3 – 5 – 1 West Virginia – 3 – 5 – 2 Delaware – 2 – 4 – 2 Dixie – 2 – 4 – 0 Georgetown – 1 – 6 – 1 Jacksonville State – 1 – 4 – 1 East Carolina – 1 – 5 – 0 1933 Western college football independents records vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Cal Poly – 7 – 0 – 0 Loyola (CA) – 7 – 2 – 1 Santa Clara – 6 – 2 – 1 Saint Mary's – 6 – 3 – 1 Hawaii – 4 – 3 – 0 Columbia (OR) – 4 – 3 – 1 Humboldt State – 1 – 1 – 0 Gonzaga – 2 – 6 – 1 San Francisco State – 2 – 6 – 0 San Francisco – 1 – 6 – 1 Minor conferences Conference Champion(s) Record Central Intercollegiate Athletics Association Morgan College 9–0 Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Wichita 6–0 Far Western Conference Nevada 3–0 Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Simpson 6–0–1 Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference Ottawa 4–0 Lone Star Conference East Texas State Teachers 5–0 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association Hillsdale 4–0 Michigan-Ontario Collegiate Conference Adrian Lawrence Technological University — Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference Coe 4–0 Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Gustavus Adolphus 4–0–1 Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association Northeast Missouri State Teachers 4–0 Nebraska College Athletic Conference Hastings 3–0–1 Nebraska Intercollegiate Athletic Association State Normal–Chadron 4–0 North Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference South Dakota State College 4–0 North Dakota College Athletic Conference Jamestown College 5–0–1 Northern Teachers Athletic Conference St. Cloud State Teachers 4–0 Ohio Athletic Conference Dayton 2–0–1 Oklahoma Collegiate Athletic Conference Southwestern State Teachers (OK) 4–0 Pacific Northwest Conference College of Puget Sound 5–0 South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference Augustana (SD) Northern Normal and Industrial 4–0 4–0–1 Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Redlands 6–0–1 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Tuskegee — Southwestern Athletic Conference Wiley (TX) 5–0 Texas Conference St. Edward's (TX) 5–1 Tri-Normal League State Normal–Ellensburg 2–0 Wisconsin State Teachers College Conference Stevens Point State Teachers 3–0–1 Minor conference standings 1933 Buckeye Athletic Association football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Cincinnati + 4 – 1 – 0 7 – 2 – 0 Miami (OH) + 4 – 1 – 0 7 – 2 – 0 Ohio 3 – 1 – 1 6 – 2 – 1 Ohio Wesleyan 2 – 3 – 0 6 – 4 – 0 Marshall 1 – 3 – 1 3 – 5 – 1 Wittenberg 0 – 5 – 0 2 – 6 – 0 + – Conference co-champions 1933 Central Intercollegiate Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Wichita $ 6 – 0 – 0 8 – 2 – 0 Fort Hays State 3 – 1 – 2 6 – 2 – 2 Pittsburg State 2 – 2 – 2 4 – 3 – 2 Washburn 2 – 3 – 1 4 – 6 – 1 Emporia Teachers 2 – 4 – 0 3 – 5 – 1 College of Emporia 1 – 3 – 2 4 – 3 – 2 Southwestern (KS) 1 – 4 – 1 1 – 6 – 2 $ – Conference champion 1933 Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Morgan $ 8 – 0 – 0 9 – 0 – 0 Hampton 7 – 1 – 1 7 – 1 – 1 Bluefield State 4 – 1 – 2 5 – 2 – 2 Virginia Union 4 – 2 – 3 4 – 2 – 4 Saint Paul's (VA) 4 – 2 – 2 4 – 2 – 4 North Carolina A&T 3 – 3 – 3 3 – 3 – 3 North Carolina College 4 – 4 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 Howard 3 – 3 – 0 3 – 3 – 0 Johnson C. Smith 1 – 5 – 0 1 – 5 – 0 Virginia State 1 – 8 – 0 1 – 8 – 0 Lincoln (PA) 0 – 4 – 1 1 – 4 – 2 Shaw 0 – 6 – 0 1 – 6 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 Dixie Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Howard (AL) $ 4 – 0 – 1 7 – 1 – 2 Centre 2 – 0 – 0 7 – 3 – 0 Mercer 2 – 0 – 1 4 – 3 – 2 Birmingham–Southern 2 – 1 – 3 3 – 3 – 3 Mississippi College 1 – 1 – 1 3 – 4 – 1 Millsaps 1 – 1 – 1 4 – 4 – 2 Southwestern (TN) 1 – 3 – 1 3 – 4 – 2 Chattanooga 0 – 2 – 2 2 – 3 – 2 Spring Hill 0 – 5 – 0 0 – 7 – 1 $ – Conference champion 1933 Far Western Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Nevada $ 3 – 0 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 San Jose State 3 – 1 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 Pacific (CA) 3 – 2 – 0 5 – 5 – 0 Fresno State 1 – 2 – 0 5 – 4 – 0 Chico State 1 – 3 – 0 2 – 6 – 0 Cal Aggies 1 – 4 – 0 2 – 5 – 0 1933 Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Illinois Wesleyan $ 4 – 0 – 1 6 – 2 – 1 North Central 2 – 0 – 2 4 – 0 – 2 St. Viator 2 – 0 – 0 3 – 4 – 0 Millikin 1 – 0 – 2 3 – 1 – 2 McKendree 4 – 1 – 0 6 – 3 – 0 Augustana (IL) 4 – 1 – 1 7 – 1 – 1 Illinois College 4 – 1 – 1 4 – 2 – 1 Carthage 3 – 1 – 1 4 – 1 – 2 Illinois State Normal 5 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 0 Southern Illinois 4 – 2 – 0 4 – 4 – 1 Lake Forest 2 – 1 – 0 3 – 3 – 1 Bradley 3 – 2 – 1 3 – 5 – 2 Northern Illinois State 4 – 3 – 0 5 – 4 – 0 Monmouth (IL) 2 – 3 – 0 4 – 5 – 0 Western Illinois 2 – 4 – 0 3 – 5 – 0 Wheaton (IL) 1 – 2 – 2 2 – 2 – 3 Eastern Illinois 1 – 5 – 0 1 – 8 – 0 Elmhurst 0 – 3 – 1 0 – 5 – 1 Shurtleff 0 – 5 – 0 0 – 7 – 1 Knox (IL) 0 – 5 – 0 0 – 8 – 0 Eureka 0 – 7 – 0 0 – 7 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 Indiana Intercollegiate Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T DePauw $ 7 – 0 – 0 7 – 0 – 0 Valparaiso 3 – 0 – 0 7 – 1 – 0 Indiana State 6 – 1 – 0 7 – 1 – 0 Hanover 5 – 1 – 0 6 – 2 – 0 Wabash 4 – 2 – 1 4 – 2 – 1 Central Normal 3 – 2 – 0 4 – 2 – 1 Oakland City 3 – 2 – 0 3 – 3 – 0 Butler 2 – 3 – 0 2 – 6 – 0 Gary 1 – 2 – 0 2 – 3 – 0 Evansville 2 – 4 – 1 2 – 5 – 1 Franklin (IN) 2 – 4 – 1 2 – 5 – 1 Earlham 1 – 3 – 0 3 – 3 – 0 Manchester 1 – 3 – 0 1 – 5 – 1 Ball State 1 – 6 – 1 1 – 6 – 1 Rose Poly 0 – 8 – 0 0 – 8 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 Iowa Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Simpson $ 6 – 0 – 1 7 – 2 – 1 Iowa Wesleyan 6 – 0 – 0 7 – 2 – 0 Morningside 2 – 0 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 St. Ambrose 4 – 2 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 Parsons 3 – 2 – 1 3 – 2 – 2 Iowa State Teachers 2 – 2 – 0 3 – 6 – 0 Upper Iowa 3 – 2 – 0 4 – 2 – 0 Penn (IA) 2 – 3 – 0 2 – 6 – 0 Luther 3 – 2 – 0 4 – 3 – 0 Dubuque 0 – 3 – 0 1 – 6 – 0 Buena Vista 1 – 4 – 0 2 – 6 – 1 Central (IA) 1 – 5 – 1 2 – 6 – 1 Columbia (IA) 0 – 5 – 1 1 – 5 – 1 $ – Conference champion Conference standings were based on Stanley-Dean ranking. 1933 Lone Star Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T East Texas State $ 5 – 0 – 0 5 – 2 – 1 Southwest Texas State 3 – 1 – 1 7 – 1 – 1 North Texas State 2 – 2 – 1 3 – 4 – 2 Sam Houston State 1 – 2 – 2 3 – 4 – 2 Trinity (TX) 1 – 3 – 1 2 – 5 – 2 Stephen F. Austin 0 – 4 – 1 0 – 6 – 1 $ – Conference champion 1933 Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Ottawa $ 4 – 0 – 0 5 – 3 – 0 McPherson 3 – 1 – 0 7 – 2 – 0 Kansas Wesleyan 2 – 2 – 0 5 – 4 – 0 Baker 1 – 3 – 0 2 – 7 – 0 Bethany (KS) 0 – 4 – 0 1 – 7 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Hillsdale $ 4 – 0 – 0 6 – 0 – 2 Hope 1 – 1 – 2 3 – 2 – 2 Kalamazoo 1 – 1 – 2 3 – 2 – 2 Albion 0 – 2 – 2 1 – 3 – 2 Alma 0 – 2 – 2 0 – 4 – 2 $ – Conference champion 1933 Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Gustavus Adolphus $ 4 – 0 – 1 5 – 0 – 2 St. Thomas (MN) 4 – 1 – 0 5 – 2 – 2 St. Olaf 3 – 1 – 0 4 – 3 – 0 Saint Mary's (MN) 2 – 2 – 1 3 – 3 – 1 Concordia (MN) 2 – 2 – 1 2 – 3 – 3 Hamline 2 – 2 – 1 2 – 3 – 1 Saint John's (MN) 1 – 2 – 2 3 – 3 – 2 Macalester 1 – 4 – 0 1 – 5 – 0 Augsburg 0 – 5 – 0 0 – 5 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 Missouri College Athletic Union football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Missouri Valley $ 2 – 0 – 1 4 – 2 – 1 Tarkio 2 – 1 – 0 6 – 2 – 0 Culver–Stockton 1 – 1 – 0 5 – 1 – 0 Central (MO) 1 – 2 – 1 1 – 5 – 1 William Jewell 0 – 2 – 2 1 – 4 – 3 $ – Conference champion 1933 Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Kirksville State $ 4 – 0 – 0 9 – 0 – 0 Central Missouri State 3 – 1 – 0 6 – 3 – 0 SE Missouri State 2 – 2 – 0 5 – 3 – 1 NW Missouri State 1 – 3 – 0 1 – 8 – 0 SW Missouri State 0 – 4 – 0 2 – 5 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 Nebraska College Athletic Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Hastings $ 3 – 0 – 1 4 – 2 – 1 Nebraska Wesleyan 3 – 1 – 0 3 – 5 – 1 Midland 2 – 2 – 0 3 – 4 – 0 York (NE) 0 – 2 – 2 4 – 4 – 2 Doane 0 – 3 – 1 1 – 5 – 2 $ – Conference champion 1933 Nebraska Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Chadron State $ 4 – 0 – 0 6 – 1 – 0 Omaha 2 – 1 – 1 5 – 3 – 1 Wayne State (NE) 1 – 1 – 2 6 – 1 – 2 Peru State 1 – 2 – 1 5 – 2 – 1 Kearney State 0 – 4 – 0 0 – 6 – 2 $ – Conference champion 1933 New England Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Rhode Island State $ 2 – 0 – 0 6 – 2 – 0 New Hampshire 1 – 0 – 0 3 – 3 – 1 Connecticut State 0 – 1 – 0 1 – 6 – 1 Maine 0 – 2 – 0 4 – 3 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 North Central Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T South Dakota State $ 4 – 0 – 0 6 – 3 – 0 North Dakota Agricultural 2 – 1 – 1 3 – 2 – 4 North Dakota 1 – 2 – 1 3 – 5 – 1 Morningside 1 – 3 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 South Dakota 1 – 3 – 0 5 – 6 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 North State Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Elon $ 2 – 0 – 1 5 – 3 – 1 Appalachian State 1 – 0 – 0 7 – 2 – 0 Lenoir–Rhyne 2 – 1 – 1 3 – 3 – 3 Catawba 1 – 1 – 1 2 – 5 – 2 Guilford 1 – 1 – 1 2 – 7 – 1 Western Carolina 0 – 4 – 0 1 – 7 – 1 $ – Conference champion 1933 Northwest Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Puget Sound $ 5 – 0 – 0 6 – 2 – 0 Willamette 4 – 1 – 0 6 – 3 – 0 Pacific (OR) 3 – 3 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 Linfield 2 – 2 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 Whitman 1 – 3 – 1 3 – 5 – 1 College of Idaho 0 – 2 – 1 2 – 3 – 2 Albany (OR) 0 – 4 – 0 0 – 7 – 0 $ – Conference champion [5] 1933 Ohio Athletic Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Dayton $ 2 – 0 – 1 8 – 2 – 1 Wooster 7 – 1 – 0 7 – 1 – 1 Akron 5 – 2 – 1 5 – 3 – 1 Case 4 – 2 – 0 5 – 3 – 1 Muskingum 4 – 2 – 1 5 – 2 – 1 Baldwin–Wallace 4 – 2 – 1 5 – 3 – 1 Toledo 3 – 2 – 1 5 – 2 – 1 John Carroll 3 – 2 – 2 5 – 2 – 2 Hiram 2 – 2 – 2 2 – 2 – 3 Kent State 2 – 2 – 3 2 – 2 – 3 Otterbein 3 – 3 – 1 3 – 4 – 1 Mount Union 3 – 4 – 0 3 – 5 – 1 Heidelberg 2 – 3 – 2 2 – 5 – 2 Marietta 2 – 3 – 1 3 – 3 – 1 Ashland 2 – 4 – 1 3 – 4 – 1 Bowling Green 1 – 3 – 2 2 – 3 – 2 Capital 1 – 4 – 2 1 – 4 – 2 Oberlin 1 – 3 – 0 4 – 4 – 0 Kenyon 0 – 4 – 1 1 – 5 – 1 Ohio Northern 0 – 4 – 1 0 – 5 – 2 Xavier * 1 – 0 – 0 5 – 4 – 0 $ – Conference champion * – did not compete for championship 1933 Oklahoma Collegiate Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T SW Oklahoma State $ 4 – 0 – 0 7 – 2 – 1 SE Oklahoma State 2 – 1 – 0 5 – 2 – 0 Northeastern State 3 – 2 – 0 3 – 3 – 1 Central State (OK) 2 – 2 – 1 4 – 5 – 1 East Central 0 – 3 – 2 2 – 5 – 2 NW Oklahoma State 0 – 3 – 1 3 – 4 – 1 $ – Conference champion 1933 Smoky Mountain Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Carson–Newman $ 6 – 0 – 0 7 – 1 – 0 East Tennessee State Teachers 3 – 1 – 1 6 – 1 – 2 Maryville 3 – 2 – 0 4 – 5 – 1 Tusculum 1 – 2 – 2 2 – 3 – 2 King 1 – 4 – 0 4 – 6 – 0 Milligan 0 – 4 – 1 2 – 6 – 1 Cumberland (TN) 0 – 1 – 0 7 – 3 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Augustana (SD) + 4 – 0 – 0 5 – 2 – 0 Northern State + 4 – 0 – 1 4 – 2 – 2 Huron 4 – 1 – 2 4 – 1 – 2 South Dakota Mines 3 – 1 – 0 4 – 3 – 0 Yankton 3 – 2 – 1 3 – 3 – 2 Eastern Normal 2 – 2 – 0 3 – 2 – 1 Southern Normal 2 – 4 – 0 3 – 5 – 0 Sioux Falls 1 – 4 – 0 3 – 4 – 0 Dakota Wesleyan 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 6 – 0 Spearfish 0 – 4 – 0 1 – 7 – 0 + – Conference co-champions South Dakota Mines and Spearfish played twice. The second game was not counted in the conference stnadings. 1933 Southern California Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Redlands $ 6 – 0 – 1 6 – 1 – 1 Whittier 3 – 1 – 2 4 – 4 – 2 La Verne 3 – 2 – 0 3 – 4 – 0 San Diego State 4 – 2 – 1 4 – 4 – 1 Pomona 2 – 3 – 0 2 – 5 – 0 Occidental 2 – 4 – 0 2 – 6 – 0 Caltech 2 – 5 – 0 2 – 7 – 0 Santa Barbara State 1 – 6 – 0 1 – 8 – 0 $ – Conference champion 1933 Southwestern Athletic Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Langston + – –   Prairie View + – –   + – Conference co-champions 1933 Texas Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T St. Edward's $ 5 – 1 – 0 7 – 2 – 0 Howard Payne 4 – 2 – 0 5 – 3 – 1 Abilene Christian * 2 – 1 – 2 5 – 3 – 2 McMurry 3 – 2 – 0 4 – 4 – 2 Austin 1 – 2 – 2 1 – 6 – 2 Simmons (TX) 1 – 2 – 1 4 – 5 – 1 Southwestern (TX) 1 – 4 – 1 1 – 8 – 2 Daniel Baker 0 – 4 – 2 0 – 7 – 2 $ – Conference champion * – Abilene Christian's game against Texas A&I counted in conference standings even though Texas A&I was not a conference member. 1933 Tri-State Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Geneva $ 4 – 0 – 0 7 – 3 – 0 Grove City 4 – 1 – 0 6 – 1 – 1 Thiel 2 – 3 – 0 3 – 4 – 0 Westminster (PA) 1 – 2 – 0 2 – 6 – 0 Waynesburg 1 – 3 – 0 2 – 7 – 0 Bethany (WV) 0 – 3 – 0 0 – 5 – 1 $ – Conference champion 1933 Virginia Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Emory and Henry + 2 – 1 – 0 10 – 1 – 0 Richmond + 2 – 1 – 0 5 – 4 – 0 William & Mary + 2 – 1 – 0 6 – 5 – 0 Roanoke 0 – 3 – 0 4 – 5 – 0 + – Conference co-champions 1933 Wisconsin State Teachers College Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Stevens Point State $ 4 – 0 – 1 7 – 0 – 1 Milwaukee State 3 – 1 – 0 5 – 3 – 0 Superior State 2 – 1 – 0 5 – 1 – 2 River Falls State 2 – 1 – 1 4 – 1 – 1 Oshkosh State 2 – 1 – 1 4 – 1 – 2 Stout State 2 – 2 – 0 3 – 3 – 0 La Crosse State 2 – 2 – 1 3 – 4 – 1 Whitewater State 1 – 3 – 0 3 – 4 – 0 Eau Claire State 0 – 3 – 0 5 – 2 – 1 Platteville State 0 – 4 – 0 1 – 4 – 0 $ – Conference champion Dickinson System The AP sportswriters' poll would not begin continuously until 1936.[6] (although, the first time was a one instance publishing in 1934[7]) Frank G. Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, had invented the Dickinson System to rank colleges based upon their records and the strength of their opposition. The system was originally designed to rank teams in the Big Nine (later the Big Ten) conference. Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack Rissman then persuaded Dickinson to rank the nation's teams under the system, and the Rockne Memorial Trophy was awarded to the winning university.[8] In an AP story with the caption "Figure This Out!", the system was explained: "For each victory of a first division team over another first division team, the winner gets 30 points and the loser 15 points. For each tie between two first division teams, each team gets 12.5 points. For each victory of a first division team over a second division team, the first division winner gets 20 points and the second division loser 10 points. For each tie between two second division teams, each gets 15 points. For each tie between a first division team and a second division team, the first division team gets 15 points and the second division team gets 20 points. Then, after each team has been given its quota of points its final "score" is tabulated by taking an average on the number of games played." [9] Final Dickinson rankings Michigan (7–0–1), Minnesota (4–0–4) and Princeton (9–0) were all unbeaten, and Princeton was untied as well. Based on its schedule, Michigan was ranked highest by Professor Dickinson. As in 1932, Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, included four Big Ten Conference teams among the best in the US. In 1933, they were Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio State, and Purdue. [10] Rank Team Record Rating 1 Michigan 7–0–1 28.52 2 Nebraska 8–1 24.61 3 Minnesota 4–0–4 23.87 4 Pittsburgh 8–1 23.01 5 Ohio State 7–1 22.79 6 USC 10–1–1 22.61 7 Princeton 9–0 22.50 8 Oregon 9–1 22.36 9 Army 9–1 22.16 10 Purdue 6–1–1 21.88 11 Stanford 9–1–1 20.34 Awards and honors All-Americans Main article: 1933 College Football All-America Team The consensus All-America team included: Position Name Height Weight (lbs.) Class Hometown Team QB Cotton Warburton 5'7" 145 Jr. San Diego, California USC HB Beattie Feathers 5'10" 180 Sr. Bristol, Virginia Tennessee HB George Sauer 6'2" 195 Sr. Stratton, Nebraska Nebraska FB Duane Purvis Jr. Mattoon, Illinois Purdue E Joe Skladany 5'10" 190 Sr. Larksville, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh T Whitey Wistert 6'2" 210 Sr. Chicago, Illinois Pittsburgh G Bill Corbus 5'11" 178 Sr. San Francisco, California Stanford C Chuck Bernard 6'3" 225 Sr. Benton Harbor, Michigan Michigan G Aaron Rosenberg 6'0" 210 Sr. Brooklyn, New York USC T Fred Crawford 6'2" 195 Sr. Waynesville, North Carolina Duke E Paul Geisler Sr. Berwick, Louisiana Centenary The Michigan Wolverines football team represents the University of Michigan in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Michigan has the most all-time wins in college football history.[2][3] The team is known for its distinctive winged helmet, its fight song, its record-breaking attendance figures at Michigan Stadium,[4] and its many rivalries, particularly its annual, regular season-ending game against Ohio State, known simply as “The Game,” once voted as ESPN's best sports rivalry.[5] Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879. The Wolverines joined the Big Ten Conference at its inception in 1896, and other than a hiatus from 1907 to 1916, have been members since. Michigan has won or shared 44 league titles, and since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936, has finished in the top 10 a total of 39 times. The Wolverines claim 11 national championships, most recently that of the 1997 squad voted atop the final AP Poll. From 1900 to 1989, Michigan was led by a series of nine head coaches, each of whom has been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame either as a player or as a coach. Fielding H. Yost became Michigan's head coach in 1901 and guided his "Point-a-Minute" squads to a streak of 56 games without a defeat, spanning from his arrival until the season finale in 1905, including a victory in the 1902 Rose Bowl, the first college football bowl game ever played. Fritz Crisler brought his winged helmet from Princeton University in 1938 and led the 1947 Wolverines to a national title and Michigan's second Rose Bowl win. Bo Schembechler coached the team for 21 seasons (1969–1989) in which he won 13 Big Ten titles and 194 games, a program record. The first decade of his tenure was underscored by a fierce competition with his former mentor, Woody Hayes, whose Ohio State Buckeyes squared off against Schembechler's Wolverines in a stretch of the Michigan–Ohio State rivalry dubbed the "Ten-Year War". Following Schembechler's retirement, the program was coached by two of his former assistants, Gary Moeller and then Lloyd Carr, who maintained the program's overall success over the next 18 years. However, the program's fortunes declined under the next two coaches, Rich Rodriguez and Brady Hoke, who were both fired after relatively short tenures. Following Hoke's dismissal, Michigan hired Jim Harbaugh on December 30, 2014.[6] Harbaugh is a former quarterback of the team, having played for Michigan between 1982 and 1986 under Schembechler. The Michigan Wolverines have featured 87 players that have garnered consensus selection to the College Football All-America Team. Three Wolverines have won the Heisman Trophy: Tom Harmon in 1940, Desmond Howard in 1991, and Charles Woodson in 1997. Gerald Ford, who later became the 38th president of the United States, started at center and was voted most valuable player by his teammates on the 1934 team. History See also: List of Michigan Wolverines football seasons It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled History of Michigan Wolverines football. (Discuss) (September 2019) Early history (1879–1900) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the early years The 1879 squad, the first team fielded by the University On May 30, 1879, Michigan played its first intercollegiate football game against Racine College at White Stocking Park in Chicago. The Chicago Tribune called it "the first rugby-football game to be played west of the Alleghenies."[7] Midway through "the first 'inning',"[8] Irving Kane Pond scored the first touchdown for Michigan.[9][10] According to Will Perry's history of Michigan football, the crowd responded to Pond's plays with cheers of "Pond Forever."[7] In 1881, Michigan played against Harvard in Boston. The game that marked the birth of intersectional football.[11] On their way to a game in Chicago in 1887, Michigan players stopped in South Bend, Indiana and introduced football to students at the University of Notre Dame. A November 23 contest marked the inception of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football program and the beginning of the Michigan–Notre Dame rivalry.[12] In 1894, Michigan defeated Cornell, which was the "first time in collegiate football history that a western school defeated an established power from the east."[13] The 1898 Michigan Wolverines, the first Michigan team to win a conference title In 1896, the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives—then commonly known as the Western Conference and later as the Big Ten Conference—was formed by the University of Michigan, the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois, the University of Minnesota, the University of Wisconsin, Northwestern University, and Purdue University.[14] The first Western Conference football season was played in 1896, with Michigan going 9–1, but losing out on the inaugural Western Conference title with a loss to the Chicago Maroons to end the season.[15][16] By 1898 Amos Alonzo Stagg was fast at work at turning the University of Chicago football program into a powerhouse. Before the final game of the 1898 season, Chicago was 9–1–1 and Michigan was 9–0; a game between the two teams in Chicago decided the third Western Conference championship. Michigan won, 12–11, capturing the program's first conference championship in a game that inspired "The Victors", which later became the school's fight song.[17] Michigan went 8–2 and 7–2–1 in 1899 and 1900, results that were considered unsatisfactory relative to the 10–0 season of 1898.[18] Fielding Yost (1901–1926) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Yost era Fielding Yost in 1902. After the 1900 season, Charles A. Baird, Michigan's first athletic director, wrote to Fielding H. Yost, "Our people are greatly roused up over the defeats of the past two years", and gave Yost an offer to come to Michigan to coach the football team.[19] The New York Times reported that Michigan's margin of victory was "one of the most remarkable ever made in the history of football in the important colleges."[20] At the end of the season, Michigan participated in the inaugural Rose Bowl.[21] Michigan dominated the game so thoroughly that Stanford's captain requested the game be called with eight minutes remaining. Neil Snow scored five touchdowns in the game, which is still the all-time Rose Bowl record.[22] The next year, 1902, Michigan outscored its opponents 644 to 12 and finished the season 11–0. In 1903, Michigan played a game against Minnesota that started the rivalry for the Little Brown Jug, the oldest rivalry trophy in college football.[23] The game marked the only time from 1901 to 1904 that Michigan failed to win.[18] Michigan finished the season at 11–0–1. In 1904, Michigan once again went undefeated at 10–0 while recording one of the most lopsided defeats in college football history, a 130–0 defeat of the West Virginia Mountaineers.[16] From 1901 through 1904, Michigan didn't lose a single game.[18] The streak was finally halted at the end of the 1905 season by Amos Alonzo Stagg's Chicago Maroons, a team that went on to win two Big 9 (as the Western Conference was now being called with the addition of Iowa and Indiana) titles in the next three years.[15] The game, dubbed "The First Greatest Game of the Century,"[24] broke Michigan's 56-game unbeaten streak and marked the end of the "Point-a-Minute" years. The 1905 Michigan team had outscored opponents 495–0 in its first 12 games. The game was lost in the final ten minutes of play when Denny Clark was tackled for a safety as he attempted to return a punt from behind the goal line. Michigan tied for another Big 9 title in 1906 before opting to go independent for the 1907 season.[16] The independent years were not as kind to Yost as his years in the Big 9. Michigan suffered one loss in 1907.[18] In 1908, Michigan got battered by Penn (a team that went 11–0–1 that year) in a game in which Michigan center Germany Schulz took such a battering as to have to be dragged off the field.[25] In 1909, Michigan suffered its first loss to Notre Dame, leading Yost to refuse to schedule another game against Notre Dame; the schools did not play again until 1942.[16] In 1910, Michigan played their only undefeated season of the independent years, going 3–0–3.[18] Overall from 1907 to 1916, Michigan lost at least one game every year (with the exception of 1910).[18] Benny Friedman in 1929. Michigan rejoined the Big 9 in 1917, after which it was called the Big Ten. Yost immediately got back to work. In 1918, Michigan played the first game against Stagg's Chicago Maroons since Chicago ended Michigan's winning streak in 1905.[16] Michigan defeated the Maroons, 18–0, on the way to a 5–0 record.[16][18] The next three years were lean, with Michigan going 3–4, 5–2, and 5–1–1, in 1919, 1920, and 1921.[18] However, in 1922 Michigan managed to spoil the "Dedication Day" for Ohio Stadium, defeating the Buckeyes 19–0.[16] Legend has it that the rotunda at Ohio Stadium is painted with maize flowers on a blue background due to the outcome of the 1922 dedication game.[26] Michigan went 5–0–1 in 1922, capturing a Big Ten title.[15][18] In 1923, Michigan went 8–0, winning another conference championship.[15][18] The 1924 Wolverines, coached by George Little, saw their 20-game unbeaten streak end at the hands of Red Grange.[16] After the 1924 season, Little left Michigan to accept the head coach and athletic director positions at Wisconsin, returning athletic director Yost to the head coaching position.[27] Although the 1925 and 1926 seasons did not include a conference title, they were memorable due to the presence of the famous "Benny-to-Bennie" combination, a reference to Benny Friedman and Bennie Oosterbaan. The two helped popularize passing the ball in an era when running held dominance. Oosterbaan became a three-time All-American and was selected for the All-Time All-American team in 1951,[28] while Friedman went on to have a Hall of Fame NFL career.[29] Also during 1926, Michigan was retroactively awarded national titles for the 1901 and 1902 seasons via the Houlgate System, the first national titles awarded to the program. Other major selectors[who?] later retroactively awarded Michigan with titles in the 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1925, and 1926 seasons.[citation needed] Michigan claims titles in the 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, and 1923 seasons.[30] Yost stepped aside in 1926 to focus on being Michigan's athletic director, a post he had held since 1921, thus ending the greatest period of success in the history of Michigan football.[31] Under Yost, Michigan posted a 165–29–10 record, winning ten conference championships and six national championships.[15][16][30] One of his main actions as athletic director was to oversee the construction of Michigan Stadium. Michigan began playing football games in Michigan Stadium in the fall of 1927. At the time Michigan Stadium had a capacity of 72,000, although Yost envisioned eventually expanding the stadium to a capacity well beyond 100,000.[32] Michigan Stadium was formally dedicated during a game against the Ohio State Buckeyes that season to the tune of a 21–0 victory.[33] Tad Wieman (1927–1928) Tad Wieman became Michigan's head coach in 1927. That year, Michigan posted a modest 6–2 record.[18] However, the team ended 1928 with a losing 3–4–1 record and Wieman was fired.[34][35] Harry Kipke (1929–1937) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Kipke years Future U.S. president Gerald Ford during practice as a center on Wolverines football team, 1933 In 1929, Harry Kipke, a former player under Yost, took over as head coach.[36] From 1930 to 1933, Kipke returned Michigan to prominence. During that stretch, Michigan won the Big Ten title every year and the national championship in 1932 and 1933.[15][30] In 1932, quarterback and future College Football Hall of Famer Harry Newman was a unanimous first-team All-American, and the recipient of the Douglas Fairbanks Trophy as Outstanding College Player of the Year (predecessor of the Heisman Trophy), and the Helms Athletic Foundation Player of the Year Award, the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten Conference.[37] During this span Kipke's teams only lost one game, to Ohio State.[16][18] After 1933, however, Kipke's teams compiled a 12–22 record from 1934 to 1937.[18] The 1934 Michigan team only won one game, against Georgia Tech in a controversial contest. Georgia Tech coach and athletic director W. A. "Bill" Alexander refused to allow his team to take the field if Willis Ward, an African-American player for Michigan, stepped on the field. Michigan conceded, and the incident reportedly caused Michigan player Gerald R. Ford to consider quitting the team.[38] Overall, Kipke posted a 49–26–4 record at Michigan, winning four conference championships and two national championships.[15][18][30] Fritz Crisler (1938–1947) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Crisler years In 1938, Michigan hired Fritz Crisler as Kipke's successor.[39] Crisler had been head coach of the Princeton Tigers and reportedly wasn't excited to leave Princeton.[39] Michigan invited him to name his price, and Crisler demanded what he thought would be unacceptable: the position of athletic director when Yost stepped down and the highest salary in college football.[40] Michigan accepted, and Crisler became the new head coach of the Michigan football program.[39] Fritz Crisler in 1948. Upon arriving at Michigan, Crisler introduced the winged football helmet, ostensibly to help his players find the receivers down field.[41] Whatever the reasoning, the winged helmet has since become one of the iconic marks of Michigan football.[42] Michigan debuted the winged helmet in a game against Michigan State in 1938.[43] Two years later in 1940, Tom Harmon led the Wolverines to a 7–1 record on his way to winning the Heisman Trophy.[18][44] Harmon ended the season by scoring three rushing touchdowns, two passing touchdowns, four extra points, intercepting three passes, and punting three times for an average of 50 yards in a game against the Ohio State Buckeyes.[45] The 1943 season included a No. 1 (Notre Dame) vs. No. 2 (Michigan) match-up against Notre Dame, a game the Wolverines lost 35–12.[16] Michigan ended the season at 8–1, winning Crisler's first Big Ten championship.[15][18] Crisler had reversed the misfortune of the end of the Kipke era and returned Michigan to one and two-loss seasons. From 1938 to 1944, Michigan posted a 48–11–2 record,[46] although the period lacked a national title and only contained one conference title.[18] Yet, Crisler's biggest mark on the game of football was made in 1945, when Michigan faced a loaded Army squad that featured two Heisman trophy winners, Doc Blanchard and Glenn Davis. Crisler didn't feel that his Michigan team could match up with Army, so he opted to take advantage of a 1941 NCAA rule that allowed players to enter or leave at any point during the game.[40] Crisler divided his team into "offensive" and "defensive" specialists, an act that earned him the nickname "the father of two-platoon football."[47] Michigan still lost the game with Army 28–7,[16] but Crisler's use of two-platoon football shaped the way the game was played in the future. Eventually, Crisler's use of the platoon system propelled his team to a conference championship and a national title in 1947, his final season.[15][16][30] The 1947 team, nicknamed the "Mad Magicians" due to their use of two-platoon football, capped their season with a 49–0 victory over the USC Trojans in the 1948 Rose Bowl.[16] Crisler finished with a 116–32–9 record at Michigan, winning two conference titles and one national title.[15][18][30][46] Bennie Oosterbaan (1948–1958) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Oosterbaan years Crisler continued as athletic director while Bennie Oosterbaan, the same Bennie that had electrified the world while making connections with Benny Friedman 20 years earlier, took over the football program.[48] Things started off well for Oosterbaan in 1948 with the Wolverines earning a quality mid-season victory over No. 3 Northwestern.[16][48] Michigan finished the season undefeated at 9–0, thus winning another national championship.[18][30] Initially, Oosterbaan continued Crisler's tradition of on-field success, winning conference titles each year from 1948 to 1950 and the national title in 1948.[15][30] The 1950 season ended in interesting fashion, with Michigan and Ohio State combining for 45 punts in a game that came to be known as the "Snow Bowl." Michigan won the game 9–3, winning the Big Ten conference and sending the Wolverines off to the 1951 Rose Bowl.[15][16] Subsequently, Michigan's football team began to decline under Oosterbaan. From 1951 to 1958, Michigan compiled a record of 42–26–2, a far cry from the success under Crisler and Yost.[18] Perhaps more importantly, Oosterbaan posted a 2–5–1 record against Michigan State and a 3–5 record against Ohio State over the same time period.[16] Under mounting pressure, Oosterbaan stepped down after 1958.[48] Bump Elliott (1959–1968) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Elliott years In place of Oosterbaan stepped Bump Elliott, a former Michigan player of Crisler's. Elliott continued many of the struggles that began under Oosterbaan, posting a 51–42–2 record from 1959 through 1968 (including a 2–7–1 record against Michigan State and a 3–7 record against Ohio State).[18] Michigan's only Big Ten title under Elliott came in 1964, a season that included a win over Oregon State in the 1965 Rose Bowl.[15][16] Following a 50-14 drubbing at the hands of Ohio State in 1968,[16] Elliott resigned. Bo Schembechler (1969–1989) Bo Schembechler in 1975. It took 15 minutes for Don Canham to be sold on Bo Schembechler, resulting in Schembechler becoming the 15th coach in Michigan football history.[49] At the time, Schembechler's employer, the Miami RedHawks, could have thrown more money at Schembechler, but Canham managed to sell Schembechler on Michigan's tradition and prestige.[50] Schembechler's first team got off to a moderate start, losing to rival Michigan State and entering the Ohio State game with a 7–2 record.[18] Ohio State, coached by icon Woody Hayes, entered the game at 8–0 and poised to repeat as national champions.[51] The 1969 Ohio State team was hailed by some as being the "greatest college football team ever assembled" and came into the game favored by 17 points over Michigan.[52] Michigan shocked the Buckeyes, winning 24–12, going to the Rose Bowl, and launching The Ten Year War between Hayes and Schembechler.[16] From 1969 to 1978, one of either Ohio State or Michigan won at least a share of the Big Ten title and represented the Big Ten in the Rose Bowl every season.[15] In 1970 Schembechler failed to repeat on the magic of 1969, that year losing to Ohio State 20–9 and finishing at 9–1.[16] However, in 1971, Schembechler led Michigan to an undefeated regular season, only to lose to the Stanford Indians in the Rose Bowl to finish at 11–1.[18] From 1972 to 1975, Michigan failed to win a game against Ohio State (powered by phenom running back Archie Griffin).[16] However, Michigan did tie Ohio State in 1973, only missing out on the Rose Bowl due to a controversial vote that sent Ohio State to the Rose Bowl and left Michigan at home.[16] Another notable event occurred during the 1975 season, with the first of Michigan's record streak of games with more than 100,000 people in attendance occurring during a game against the Purdue Boilermakers. Rick Leach, who played quarterback for Michigan from 1975 through 1978. From 1976 to 1978, Michigan asserted its own dominance of the rivalry, beating Ohio State, going to the Rose Bowl, and posting a 10–2 record every year.[16][18] After the 1978 season, Woody Hayes was fired for punching an opposing player during the 1978 Gator Bowl, thus ending The Ten Year War.[53] Michigan had a slight edge in the war, with Schembechler going 5–4–1 against Hayes. However, while Schembechler successfully placed great emphasis on the rivalry, Michigan's bowl performances were sub-par. Michigan failed to win their last game of the season every year during The Ten Year War.[16] The only year in which Michigan didn't lose its last game of the season was the 1973 tie against Ohio State.[16] After the end of the Ten Year War, Michigan's regular season performance declined, but its post season performance improved. The 1979 season included a memorable game against Indiana that ended with a touchdown pass from John Wangler to Anthony Carter with six seconds left in the game.[54] Michigan went 8–4 on the season, losing to North Carolina in the 1979 Gator Bowl.[16][18] In 1980, Michigan went 10–2 and got their first win in the Rose Bowl under Schembechler, a 23–6 win over Washington.[16][18] Michigan went 9–3 in 1981 to get Schembechler's second bowl win in the 1981 Bluebonnet Bowl.[16][18] In 1982, Michigan won the Big Ten championship while being led by three-time All-American wide receiver Anthony Carter.[15][55] Michigan fell to UCLA Bruins in the 1983 Rose Bowl.[16] Without Anthony Carter, the Wolverines did not win the Big Ten title in 1983, going 9–3.[18] In 1984, the Wolverines suffered their worst season under Schembechler, going 6–6 with a loss to national champion BYU in the 1984 Holiday Bowl.[16][18] Michigan needed to reverse its fortunes in 1985, and they began doing so with new quarterback Jim Harbaugh.[56] Harbaugh led the Wolverines to a 5–0 record, propelling them to a No. 2 ranking heading into a game with the No. 1 Iowa Hawkeyes.[57] Michigan lost 12–10,[16] but did not lose another game the rest of the season to finish at 10–1–1 with a victory over Tom Osborne's Nebraska Cornhuskers in the 1986 Fiesta Bowl.[18] In 1986 Michigan won the Big Ten at 11–2, suffering a loss to the Arizona State Sun Devils in the 1987 Rose Bowl.[16][18] The departure of Harbaugh after 1986 once again left Michigan on tough times as Schembechler's team stumbled to an 8–4 record in 1987.[18] However, Michigan bounced back again in 1988 and 1989, winning the Big Ten title outright both years at 9–2–1 and 10–2 with trips to Rose Bowl.[15][18] From 1981 through 1989, Michigan went 80–27–2, winning four Big Ten titles and going to a bowl game every year (with another Rose Bowl win obtained against USC Trojans after the 1988 season).[16] Bo Schembechler retired after the 1989 season, handing the job over to his offensive coordinator Gary Moeller.[58] Under Schembechler, Michigan posted a 194–48–5 record[59] (11–9–1 against Ohio State), and won 13 Big Ten championships.[59] Gary Moeller (1990–1994) Gary Moeller took over from Schembechler for the 1990 season, becoming the 16th head coach in Michigan football history.[60] Moeller inherited a talented squad that had just played in the 1990 Rose Bowl, including wide receiver Desmond Howard. Moeller led Michigan to a 9–3 record in his first season,[18] tying for the Big Ten championship but losing out on a Rose Bowl bid to Iowa.[15][16] The next two years, Moeller's teams won the conference outright, setting marks of 10–2 and 9–0–3.[15][18] In 1991, Desmond Howard had a memorable season that propelled him to win the Heisman Trophy, the award given to college football's most outstanding player.[61] The 1992 team, led by quarterback Elvis Grbac, posted a 9–0–3 record,[18] defeating Washington in the 1993 Rose Bowl.[16] Moeller led Michigan to 8–4 records in both 1993 and 1994.[18] The 1994 season was marked by an early-season loss to Colorado that included a Hail Mary pass from Kordell Stewart to Michael Westbrook to end the game, leading to the game being dubbed "The Miracle at Michigan."[62] After the 1994 season, Moeller was found intoxicated at a Southfield, MI restaurant in an incident in which Moeller was caught on tape throwing a punch in a police station, which resulted in his firing.[63] Lloyd Carr (1995–2007) Michigan's athletic director appointed Lloyd Carr, an assistant at Michigan since 1980, as interim head coach for the 1995 season.[64] However, after an 8–2 start, Michigan dropped the interim tag from Carr's title and named him its 17th head coach.[65] Michigan finished his first season at 9–4.[18][66] Carr had similar success in his second season, going 8–4 and earning a trip to the 1997 Outback Bowl.[18] Carr returned a strong squad for the 1997 season, led by cornerback and punt returner Charles Woodson.[67] Michigan went undefeated in 1997.[16][18] Overall, the Michigan defense only allowed 9.5 points per game and ended the season ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll, giving Michigan its first national championship since 1948 with a victory in the 1998 Rose Bowl.[68][69][16][30] For his efforts, Woodson won the Heisman Trophy and was selected 4th overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Oakland Raiders.[70] With Tom Brady as quarterback, Michigan went 10–3 and repeated as Big Ten champions in 1998, but in 1999 Michigan lost out on the conference championship at 10–2 to the Wisconsin Badgers.[15][18] Drew Henson led Michigan to a 9–3 record and a tie for the Big Ten championship in 2000.[15][18] Ohio State, Michigan's chief rival, fired their coach John Cooper, who was 2–10–1 against Michigan while at Ohio State, after the 2000 season and replaced him with Jim Tressel.[71][72] Tressel immediately ushered in a new era in the Ohio State-Michigan rivalry, upsetting the Wolverines 26–20 in 2001.[73] This came on the heels of another last-second loss in which Michigan State defeated Michigan with a pass in the last second of the game in a controversial finish that led to the game being referred to as "Clockgate."[74] Despite these setbacks, Michigan's 2001 squad, led by John Navarre, went 8–4 with an appearance in the 2002 Florida Citrus Bowl.[75][16][18] Again under Navarre in 2002, Michigan compiled a 10–3 record,[76] but included another loss to Ohio State, who went on to win the national championship.[77][16][18] Carr got over the hump against Tressel in 2003 as John Navarre and Doak Walker Award winner Chris Perry led the Wolverines to a 10–3 record,[78] a Big Ten championship, and an appearance in the 2004 Rose Bowl.[15][16][18] 2006 Michigan Wolverines huddle during a game against the Central Michigan Chippewas. For the 2004 season, Carr turned to highly rated recruit Chad Henne to lead the Wolverines at quarterback.[79] Michigan went 9–3 in 2004[80] to tie for another Big Ten championship and earn a trip to the 2005 Rose Bowl, but the season again included a loss to Ohio State,[81] who only went 8–4 on the season.[15][16][18] In 2005, Michigan struggled to make a bowl game, only going 7–5, with the season capped with another loss to Ohio State.[16][18] Expectations were tempered going into the 2006 season; however, a 47–21 blowout of No. 2 Notre Dame and an 11–0 start propelled Michigan to the No. 2 rankings going into "The Game" with No. 1 Ohio State.[82] The 2006 Ohio State-Michigan game was hailed by the media as the "Game of the Century." The day before the game, Bo Schembechler died, leading Ohio State to honor him with a moment of silence, one of the few Michigan Men to be so honored in Ohio Stadium.[83] The game itself was a back-and-forth affair, with Ohio State winning 42–39 for the right to play in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game.[16] Michigan lost to USC in the 2007 Rose Bowl, ending the season at 11–2.[16][18] Going into 2007, Michigan had high expectations.[84] Standout players Chad Henne, Mike Hart, and Jake Long all opted to return for their senior seasons for one last crack at Ohio State and a chance at a national championship, causing Michigan to be ranked fifth in the preseason polls.[85] However, Michigan's struggles against the spread offense reared its ugly head again as the Wolverines shockingly lose the opener to the Appalachian State Mountaineers.[86][87][16] The game marked the first win by a Division I-AA team over a team ranked in the Associated Press Poll.[88] The next week, Michigan was blown out by Oregon.[89][16] Despite the early rough start, Michigan won their next eight games and went into the Ohio State game with a chance to win the Big Ten championship.[16] However, Michigan once again fell to the Buckeyes, this time 14–3.[90][16] After the game, Lloyd Carr announced that he would retire as Michigan head coach after the bowl game.[91] In the 2008 Capital One Bowl, Carr's final game, Michigan defeated the defending national champion Florida Gators, led by Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow, 41–35.[92] Carr's accomplishments at Michigan included a 122–40 record, five Big Ten championships, and one national championship.[15][16][30] Rich Rodriguez (2008–2010) Rich Rodriguez at Michigan in 2008. Following Carr's retirement, Michigan launched a coaching search that ultimately saw Rich Rodriguez lured away from his alma mater, West Virginia.[93] Rodriguez's arrival marked the beginning of major upheaval in the Michigan football program. Rodriguez, a proponent of the spread offense, installed it in place of the pro-style offense that had been used by Carr. The offseason saw significant attrition in Michigan's roster. The expected starting quarterback Ryan Mallett departed the program, stating that he would be unable to fit in a spread offense. Starting wide receivers Mario Manningham and Adrian Arrington both decided to forgo their senior seasons and enter the NFL Draft.[94] Michigan lost a good deal of its depth and, when the 2008 season began, was forced to start players with very little playing experience. The 2008 season was disappointing for Michigan, finishing at 3–9 and suffering its first losing campaign since 1967. Michigan also missed a bowl game invitation for the first time since 1974. The week before the 2009 season began, the Detroit Free Press accused the team of violating the NCAA's practice time limits.[95] While the NCAA conducted investigations, Michigan won its first four games, including a last second victory against its rival Notre Dame. The season ended in disappointment, however, as Michigan went 1–7 in its last eight games and missed a bowl for the second straight season. Rodriguez's final season began with new hope in the program, as Robinson was named the starting quarterback over Forcier. Robinson led the Wolverines to a 5–0 start, but after a defeat to Michigan State at home, the Wolverines finished the season 2–5 over their last seven games. Michigan did, however, qualify for a bowl game with a 7–5 record, and clinched its bowl berth in dramatic fashion against Illinois, with Michigan winning 67–65 in three overtime periods. The game was the highest combined scoring game in Michigan history, and saw Michigan's defense give up the most points in its history.[96] Michigan was invited to the Gator Bowl to face Mississippi State, losing 52–14. The Michigan defense set new school records as the worst defense in Michigan history. In the middle of the season, the NCAA announced its penalties against Michigan for the practice time violations. The program was placed on three of years probation and docked 130 practice hours, which was twice the amount Michigan had exceeded.[97] Rodriguez was fired following the bowl game, with athletic director Dave Brandon citing Rodriguez's failure to meet expectations as the main reason for his dismissal.[98] Rodriguez left the program winless against rivals Michigan State and Ohio State and compiled a 15–22 record, the worst record of any head coach in Michigan history.[99] Brady Hoke (2011–2014) Athletic director Dave Brandon (left) with head coach Brady Hoke in 2011. Michigan announced the hiring of head coach Brady Hoke on January 11, 2011.[100] He became the 19th head coach in Michigan football history. Hoke had previously been the head coach at his alma mater Ball State and then San Diego State after serving as an assistant at Michigan under Lloyd Carr from 1995 to 2002. In his first season, Hoke led the Wolverines to 11 wins, beating rival Notre Dame with a spectacular comeback in Michigan's first night game at Michigan Stadium. Despite losing to Iowa and Michigan State, the Wolverines finished with a 10–2 regular season record with their first win over Ohio State in eight years. The Wolverines received an invitation to the Sugar Bowl in which they defeated Virginia Tech, 23–20, in overtime. This was the program's first bowl win since the season of 2007. In Hoke's second season, the Wolverines dropped their season opener to eventual national champions, Alabama in Dallas, Texas. U-M won the next two games at home in non-conference bouts against Air Force and UMass. Michigan then traveled to face eventual national runner-up Notre Dame. They fell to the Fighting Irish by a 13–6 final. After back-to-back wins over Purdue and Illinois, they defeated in-state rival Michigan State for the first time since 2007. The win was the 900th in program history, becoming the first program to reach the milestone. U-M finished the season with wins over Minnesota, Northwestern and Iowa as well as losses to Nebraska and Ohio State to finish the regular season. Michigan was selected to participate in the 2013 Outback Bowl, where they fell to South Carolina by a 33–28 score. In the 2013 campaign, Michigan finished with a 7–6 record, including a 3–5 record in Big Ten play and a loss to Kansas State in the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 31–14.[101] On December 2, 2014, Hoke was fired as the head coach after four seasons following a 5–7 record in 2014. This marked only the third season since 1975 in which Michigan missed a bowl game. Hoke compiled a 31–20 record, including an 18–14 record in Big Ten play.[102] Jim Harbaugh (2015–present) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) On December 30, 2014, the University of Michigan announced the hiring of Jim Harbaugh as the team's 20th head coach. Harbaugh, who was starting quarterback in the mid-1980s under Bo Schembechler, had most recently served as head coach of the San Francisco 49ers. In his first season in 2015, Harbaugh led Michigan to a 10–3 record, including a 41–7 win over the Florida Gators in the 2016 Citrus Bowl.[103] The 2016 Wolverines won their first nine games of the season, including wins over then 8th-ranked Wisconsin and rival Michigan State, and reached number two in the College Football Playoff rankings. The team then lost at Iowa and again at Ohio State two weeks later. The season ended with a 33–32 loss to Florida State in the Orange Bowl on December 30, resulting in a second straight 10-3 record. Jabrill Peppers, who played linebacker and defensive back as well as special teams and offense, was a finalist for the Heisman Trophy, finishing fifth.[104] The team lost many key players on the offensive and defensive side of the ball prior to Harbaugh's third season. The Wolverines went 8–4 in the regular season losing to their main rivals, Michigan State and Ohio State, and lost to South Carolina in the Outback Bowl, becoming the only team in the Big Ten Conference to lose its bowl game in the 2017–2018 bowl season and dropping the record on the year to 8–5.[105] Harbaugh's fourth season in 2018 started with a loss to rival Notre Dame, followed by ten consecutive wins. Wins over ranked Big Ten opponents Michigan State, Wisconsin, and Penn State, all of whom beat Michigan the previous year, led to the team rallying around referring to the season as a "revenge tour."[106] The Wolverines rose to fourth in the College Football Playoff rankings, but the "revenge tour" came to an abrupt end when they were upset by rival Ohio State by a lopsided score of 62–39 to end the regular season. Ohio State's 62 points set a record for points against Michigan during regulation. A blowout loss to Florida in the Peach Bowl ended the season, and they finished at 10–3 for the third time in Harbaugh's four years. During Harbaugh's fifth season in 2019, the Wolverines lost to Wisconsin 35–14 and to Penn State 28–21, both on the road. Michigan went on to beat rivals Notre Dame 45–14 and Michigan State 44–10, but once again lost to then No. 1 ranked Ohio State by a score of 56–27 to end the regular season. Michigan later lost to Alabama 16–35 in the Citrus Bowl to end the season with a record of 9–4. For the 2020 season, COVID-19 precautions delayed the start of Big Ten play. The Wolverines started with a dominating 49–24 win against Minnesota. However, in a highly physical game against Michigan State, the Wolverines incurred many player injuries and narrowly lost 27–24. The next week, Michigan lost to Indiana 38–21. Michigan had beaten Indiana in the previous 24 matchups, not having lost to the Hoosiers since the 1987 season.[107] On November 14, 2020, Michigan hosted Wisconsin and suffered its largest halftime deficit at home since Michigan Stadium opened in 1927 (28–0), as well as its largest home loss (49–11) since 1935.[108][109] It was also Harbaugh's first loss at Michigan Stadium to a team other than Michigan State or Ohio State. On November 28, 2020, Michigan hosted Penn State and, for the first time in Michigan football history, lost to a team that was 0–5 or worse.[110] Michigan was winless at home during the 2020 season, marking the first time in program history that Michigan did not win any games at home.[111] The final three scheduled games of the season, against Maryland, Ohio State, and Iowa, were canceled due to COVID-19 concerns. Michigan did not play in a postseason bowl game for the first time under Harbaugh. The Wolverines started the 2021 season unranked, but quickly found their footing to surge into the rankings. They won their first seven games, which included blowout wins against Washington and Wisconsin. The team rose to number six in the polls before a top-ten showdown with eighth ranked rival Michigan State. Michigan narrowly lost to their instate rival, but rebounded with wins against Indiana, Penn State, and Maryland in their subsequent three games to set up a winner-take-all for the Big Ten East division against arch-rival Ohio State. In a top-five showdown, Michigan used a dominant second half performance to rout Ohio State 42–27, giving the Wolverines their first win against the Buckeyes since 2011, and a berth to their first-ever Big Ten Championship Game. In the Big Ten Championship Game against Big Ten West champions Iowa, the second-ranked Wolverines dominated the Hawkeyes 42–3 to win their outright first Big Ten Championship since 2003. As the second seed in the College Football Playoff, the Wolverines lost the semifinal Orange Bowl to the eventual national champions Georgia Bulldogs 34–11 to finish the season 12-2. Michigan was ranked third in the final AP and Coaches Poll rankings of the season. Defensive end Aidan Hutchinson finished runner-up in voting for the Heisman Trophy.[112] Michigan began the 2022 season ranked eighth.[113] They won a top-10 showdown against then 6-0 #10 Penn State 41-17[114] and beat Michigan State 29-7.[115] The Wolverines defeated then 11-0 #2 Ohio State 45-23 in Columbus, marking their first win there since 2000 and the first time Harbaugh's Michigan beat both Michigan State and Ohio State in the same season. Michigan's perfect 12-0 regular season earned them their second straight Big Ten East Division championship and appearance in the Big Ten Championship Game.[116] Michigan would defeat the West Division champions Purdue 43-22 to repeats as conference champions and head back to the College Football Playoff.[117] In the semifinal Fiesta Bowl, Michigan lost to TCU 51-45 to finish the season 13-1. Michigan's 13 wins set a school record for most wins in a single season and it was again ranked third in the final AP and Coaches Poll rankings of the season. This marked the first time since 1947-1948 that Michigan finished consecutive season ranked in the top three.[118] Running back Blake Corum finished seventh in voting for the Heisman Trophy.[119] Conference affiliations Independent (1879–1891) Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the Northwest (1892–1893) Independent (1894–1895) Western Conference (1896–1906) Independent (1907–1916) Big Ten Conference (1917–present) Big Nine Conference (1946–1949) Big Ten Conference (1917–1945, 1950–present) Bowl games Michigan has played in 50 bowl games in its history, compiling a record of 21–29. Before missing a bowl game in 2008, Michigan had made a bowl game 33 years in a row. From the 1921 to 1945 seasons, the Big Ten Conference did not allow its teams to participate in bowls. From the 1946 to 1974 seasons, only a conference champion or a surrogate representative was allowed to attend a bowl, the Rose Bowl, and no team could go two years in a row until the 1972 Rose Bowl, with the exception of Minnesota in 1961 and 1962. Michigan defeated Stanford 49–0 in the first ever Rose Bowl on January 1, 1902 Date Bowl Opponent Result January 1, 1902 Rose Bowl Stanford W 49–0 January 1, 1948 Rose Bowl USC W 49–0 January 1, 1951 Rose Bowl California W 14–6 January 1, 1965 Rose Bowl Oregon State W 34–7 January 1, 1970 Rose Bowl USC L 3–10 January 1, 1972 Rose Bowl Stanford L 12–13 January 1, 1976 Orange Bowl Oklahoma L 6–14 January 1, 1977 Rose Bowl USC L 6–14 January 2, 1978 Rose Bowl Washington L 20–27 January 1, 1979 Rose Bowl USC L 10–17 December 28, 1979 Gator Bowl North Carolina L 15–17 January 1, 1981 Rose Bowl Washington W 23–6 December 31, 1981 Bluebonnet Bowl UCLA W 33–14 January 1, 1983 Rose Bowl UCLA L 14–24 January 2, 1984 Sugar Bowl Auburn L 7–9 December 21, 1984 Holiday Bowl BYU L 17–24 January 1, 1986 Fiesta Bowl Nebraska W 27–23 January 1, 1987 Rose Bowl Arizona State L 15–22 January 2, 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl Alabama W 28–24 January 2, 1989 Rose Bowl USC W 22–14 January 1, 1990 Rose Bowl USC L 10–17 January 1, 1991 Gator Bowl Ole Miss W 35–3 January 1, 1992 Rose Bowl Washington L 14–34 January 1, 1993 Rose Bowl Washington W 38–31 January 1, 1994 Hall of Fame Bowl NC State W 42–7 December 30, 1994 Holiday Bowl Colorado State W 24–14 December 28, 1995 Alamo Bowl Texas A&M L 20–22 January 1, 1997 Outback Bowl Alabama L 14–17 January 1, 1998 Rose Bowl Washington State W 21–16 January 1, 1999 Citrus Bowl Arkansas W 45–31 January 1, 2000 Orange Bowl Alabama W 35–34 (OT) January 1, 2001 Citrus Bowl Auburn W 31–28 January 1, 2002 Citrus Bowl Tennessee L 17–45 January 1, 2003 Outback Bowl Florida W 38–30 January 1, 2004 Rose Bowl USC L 14–28 January 1, 2005 Rose Bowl Texas L 37–38 December 28, 2005 Alamo Bowl Nebraska L 28–32 January 1, 2007 Rose Bowl USC L 18–32 January 1, 2008 Capital One Bowl Florida W 41–35 January 1, 2011 Gator Bowl Mississippi State L 14–52 January 3, 2012 Sugar Bowl Virginia Tech W 23–20 OT January 1, 2013 Outback Bowl South Carolina L 28–33 December 28, 2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl Kansas State L 14–31 January 1, 2016 Citrus Bowl Florida W 41–7 December 30, 2016 Orange Bowl Florida State L 32–33 January 1, 2018 Outback Bowl South Carolina L 19–26 December 29, 2018 Peach Bowl Florida L 15–41 January 1, 2020 Citrus Bowl Alabama L 16–35 December 31, 2021 Orange Bowl (CFP Semifinal) Georgia L 11–34 December 31, 2022 Fiesta Bowl (CFP Semifinal) TCU L 45–51 Total 50 bowl games 21–29 1,184–1,142 Bowl record by game Bowl # W L % Alamo Bowl 2 0 2 .000 Bluebonnet Bowl 1 1 0 1.000 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 1 0 1 .000 Citrus Bowl (Capital One Bowl) 6 4 2 .667 Fiesta Bowl 2 1 1 .500 Gator Bowl 3 1 2 .333 Holiday Bowl 2 1 1 .500 Outback Bowl (Hall of Fame Bowl) 6 3 3 .500 Orange Bowl 4 1 3 .250 Peach Bowl 1 0 1 .000 Rose Bowl 20 8 12 .400 Sugar Bowl 2 1 1 .500 Venues Washtenaw County Fairgrounds (1883–1892) Main article: Washtenaw County Fairgrounds In the early days of Michigan football, Michigan played smaller home games at the Washtenaw County Fairgrounds with larger games being held in Detroit at the Detroit Athletic Club.[120] The Fairgrounds were originally located at the southeast intersection of Hill and Forest, but in 1890 moved to what is now called Burns Park.[120] Regents Field (1893–1905) Main article: Regents Field Regents Field just before kickoff during the 1904 game between Michigan and Chicago In 1890, the Board of Regents authorized $3,000 ($78,947.37 in 2014 dollars) for the purchase of a parcel of land along South State Street.[121] In 1891 a further $4,500 ($118,421.05 in 2014 dollars) was authorized "for the purpose of fitting up the athletic field."[121] Michigan began play on Regents Field in 1893, with capacity being expanded to over 15,000 by the end of the field's use.[121] Ferry Field (1906–1926) Main article: Ferry Field By 1902 Regents Field had grown inadequate for the uses of the football team as a result of the sport's increasing popularity.[122] Thanks to donations from Dexter M. Ferry, work began on planning the next home stadium for the Michigan football team. Powered by a $30,000 donation from Ferry, Ferry Field was constructed with a maximum temporary capacity of 18,000 for the 1906 season.[122] Ferry Field was expanded to a capacity of 21,000 in 1914 and 42,000 in 1921.[122] However, attendance was often over-capacity with crowds of 48,000 cramming into the small stadium.[122] This prompted athletic director Fielding Yost to contemplate the construction of a much larger stadium. Michigan Stadium (1927–present) Main article: Michigan Stadium Michigan Stadium on September 17, 2011 Fielding H. Yost anticipated massive crowds as college football's popularity increased and wished to build a stadium with a capacity of at least 80,000.[32] Ultimately, the final plans authorized the construction of a stadium with a capacity of 72,000 with footings to be set in place to expand it beyond 100,000 later.[32] Michigan Stadium was dedicated in 1927 during a game against the Ohio State Buckeyes, drawing an over-capacity crowd of 84,401.[123] After World War II, crowd sizes increased, prompting another stadium expansion to a capacity of 93,894 in 1949.[123] Michigan Stadium cracked the 100,000 mark by expanding to 101,001 in 1955.[123] Michigan Stadium temporarily lost the title of "largest stadium" to Neyland Stadium of the Tennessee Volunteers in 1996, but recaptured the title in 1998 with another expansion to 107,501.[124] In 2007, the Board of Regents authorized a $226 million renovation to add a new press box, 83 luxury boxes, and 3,200 club seats.[125] For the 2011 season, lights were installed at Michigan Stadium at the cost of $1.8 million.[126] This allowed Michigan to play its first night game at home against Notre Dame in 2011.[127] Rivalries Ohio State Main article: Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry Michigan and Ohio State first played each other in 1897. The rivalry was particularly enhanced during The Ten Year War, a period in which Ohio State was coached by Woody Hayes and Michigan was coached by Bo Schembechler. Overall, the Buckeyes and Wolverines football programs have combined for 19 national titles, 77 conference titles, and 10 Heisman Trophy winners. Michigan holds a 60–51–6 advantage through the 2022 season.[128] Michigan State Main article: Michigan–Michigan State football rivalry Michigan and Michigan State first played each other in 1898. Since Michigan State joined the Big Ten Conference in 1953, the two schools have competed annually for the Paul Bunyan – Governor of Michigan Trophy. The winner retains possession of the trophy until the next year's game. Michigan leads the trophy series 38–28–2. Michigan is the holder of the trophy following a 2022 win over the Spartans, 29–7. Michigan holds a 72–38–5 advantage through the 2022 season.[129] Minnesota Main article: Michigan–Minnesota football rivalry Michigan plays Minnesota for the Little Brown Jug trophy. The Little Brown Jug is the most regularly exchanged rivalry trophy in college football, the oldest trophy game in FBS college football, and the second oldest rivalry trophy overall.[130] Through the 2021 season, Michigan leads the overall series 76–25–3.[131] Notre Dame Main article: Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry Michigan and Notre Dame began playing each other in 1887 in Notre Dame's first football game.[132] The rivalry is notable due to the historical success of the football programs. Through the end of the 2017 season, Michigan is ranked No. 1 in wins and all-time winning percentage while Notre Dame is No. 2 in both categories.[133] Both schools also claim 11 national championships.[134] Michigan and Notre Dame have played in 42 contests, with Michigan holding a 25–17–1 advantage through the 2019 season.[135] Northwestern Main article: George Jewett Trophy Michigan and Northwestern first played each other in 1892. In 2021, the two universities announced the creation of a new rivalry trophy to be awarded to the game's winner, the George Jewett Trophy. The trophy honors George Jewett, the first African-American player in Big Ten Conference history, who played for both schools. The game is the first FBS rivalry game named for an African-American player.[136] Michigan holds a 59–15–2 advantage in the all-time series through the 2021 season.[137] Championships National championships Michigan has been selected 16 times as national champions from NCAA-designated major selectors, including twice by the major wire-service AP Poll. Michigan claims 11 (1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, and 1997) of these championships.[138] Before 1926, there were generally no contemporaneous selectors.[139] The 1918 and 1923 teams were first selected in 1970 (Billingsley), while the 1903 and 1904 teams were first selected in 1980 by NCF (co-champions).[140] Year Coach Selector Record Bowl Final AP Final Coaches 1901 Fielding H. Yost Helms, Houlgate, NCF[140] 11–0 Won Rose 1902 Billingsley, Helms, Houlgate, NCF, Parke Davis[140] 11–0 1903 NCF[140] 11–0–1 1904 10–0 1918 Billingsley, NCF[140] 5–0 1923 8–0 1932 Harry G. Kipke Dickinson, Parke Davis[140] 8–0 1933 Berryman (QPRS), Billingsley, Boand, CFRA, Dickinson, Helms, Houlgate, NCF, Parke Davis, Poling, Sagarin[140] 7–0–1 1947 Fritz Crisler Berryman (QPRS), Billingsley, Boand, CFRA, DeVold, Dunkel, Helms, Houlgate, Litkenhous, NCF, Poling, Sagarin[140] 10–0 Won Rose No. 2 1948 Bennie Oosterbaan AP, Berryman (QPRS), Billingsley, CFRA, DeVold, Dunkel, Helms, Houlgate, Litkenhous, NCF, Poling, Sagarin, Williamson[140] 9–0 No. 1 1997 Lloyd Carr AP, Billingsley, FWAA, NCF, NFF, Sporting News[140] 12–0 Won Rose No. 1 No. 2 Conference championships Michigan has won 44 conference championships, 18 outright and 26 shared. Year Coach Overall record Big Ten record 1898 Gustave Ferbert 10–0 3–0 1901† Fielding H. Yost 11–0 4–0 1902 5–0 1903† 11–0–1 3–0–1 1904† 10–0 2–0 1906† 4–1 1–0 1918† 5–0 2–0 1922† 6–0–1 4–0 1923† 8–0 1925 7–1 5–1 1926† 5–0 1930† Harry Kipke 8–0–1 1931† 8–1–1 5–1 1932† 8–0 6–0 1933† 7–0–1 5–0–1 1943† Fritz Crisler 8–1 6–0 1947 10–0 6–0 1948 Bennie Oosterbaan 9–0 6–0 1949† 6–2–1 4–1–1 1950 6–3–1 4–1–1 1964 Bump Elliott 9–1 6–1 1969† Bo Schembechler 8–3 1971 11–1 8–0 1972† 10–1 7–1 1973† 10–0–1 7–0–1 1974† 10–1 7–1 1976† 10–2 1977† 1978† 1980 8–0 1982 8–4 8–1 1986† 11–2 7–1 1988 9–2–1 7–0–1 1989 10–2 8–0 1990† Gary Moeller 9–3 6–2 1991 10–2 8–0 1992 9–0–3 6–0–2 1997 Lloyd Carr 12–0 8–0 1998† 10–3 7–1 2000† 9–3 6–2 2003 10–3 7–1 2004† 9–3 7–1 2021 Jim Harbaugh 12–2 8–1 2022 13–1 9–0 † Co-champions Division championships Michigan has won three division titles.[141][142] Year Division Coach Opponent CG result 2018† Big Ten – East Jim Harbaugh N/A; lost tiebreaker to Ohio State 2021† Iowa W 42–3 2022 Purdue W 43–22 † Co-champions Program records and achievements Team records Most wins in college football history (989)[143] Most winning seasons of any program (121)[144] Most undefeated seasons of any program currently competing in Division I FBS (23) Most appearances in the final AP Poll (62)[145] More conference titles in the Big Ten than any other program with a single conference (44) Head coaching history Main article: List of Michigan Wolverines head football coaches Personnel Coaching staff Michigan Wolverines Name Position Consecutive season(s) at Michigan in current position Previous position Sherrone Moore Offensive coordinator / offensive line 1st Michigan – Co-offensive coordinator / offensive line (2021–2022) Jesse Minter Defensive coordinator 2nd Vanderbilt – Defensive coordinator / safeties (2021) Steve Clinkscale Co–defensive coordinator / defensive backs 2nd Michigan – Defensive passing game coordinator / defensive backs (2021) Jay Harbaugh Special teams coordinator / safeties 2nd Michigan – Special teams coordinator / tight ends (2021) Chris Partridge Linebackers 1st Ole Miss – Co-defensive coordinator / safeties (2020–2022) Mike Elston Defensive line / recruiting coordinator 2nd Notre Dame – Assistant head coach / defensive line (2018–2021) Mike Hart Running backs / Run game coordinator 2nd Michigan – Running backs (2021) Ronald Bellamy Wide receivers 2nd Michigan – Safeties (2021) Grant Newsome Tight ends 2nd Michigan – Graduate assistant (2020–2021) Kirk Campbell Quarterbacks 1st Michigan – Offensive analyst (2022) Ben Herbert Director of strength & conditioning 6th Arkansas – Head strength & conditioning (2013–2017) Reference:[146] Individual awards and honors See also: Michigan Wolverines football statistical leaders National award winners Players Heisman Trophy 1940: Tom Harmon 1991: Desmond Howard 1997: Charles Woodson Maxwell Award 1940: Tom Harmon 1991: Desmond Howard Walter Camp Award 1991: Desmond Howard 1997: Charles Woodson Chic Harley Award 1964: Bob Timberlake 1986: Jim Harbaugh 1991: Desmond Howard 1997: Charles Woodson Dick Butkus Award 1991: Erick Anderson Jack Lambert Trophy 1991: Erick Anderson Paul Warfield Trophy 1991: Desmond Howard 2004: Braylon Edwards Jim Parker Trophy 1991: Greg Skrepenak 2000: Steve Hutchinson 2007: Jake Long Sammy Baugh Trophy 1992: Elvis Grbac Jack Tatum Trophy 1997: Charles Woodson Jim Thorpe Award 1997: Charles Woodson Chuck Bednarik Award 1997: Charles Woodson Bronko Nagurski Trophy 1997: Charles Woodson Doak Walker Award 2003: Chris Perry Jim Brown Trophy 2003: Chris Perry Fred Biletnikoff Award 2004: Braylon Edwards Rimington Trophy 2004: David Baas 2011: David Molk 2022: Olusegun Oluwatimi Lombardi Award 2006: LaMarr Woodley 2021: Aidan Hutchinson Ted Hendricks Award 2006: LaMarr Woodley 2021: Aidan Hutchinson Ozzie Newsome Award 2015: Jake Butt John Mackey Award 2016: Jake Butt Lott IMPACT Trophy 2016: Jabrill Peppers 2021: Aidan Hutchinson Paul Hornung Award 2016: Jabrill Peppers Lou Groza Award 2021: Jake Moody Joe Moore Award 2021: Offensive line 2022: Offensive line Outland Trophy 2022: Olusegun Oluwatimi Coaches AFCA Coach of the Year 1947: Fritz Crisler 1948: Bennie Oosterbaan 1969: Bo Schembechler 1997: Lloyd Carr Paul "Bear" Bryant Award 1997: Lloyd Carr Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year 1969: Bo Schembechler Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award 1969: Bo Schembechler 1997: Lloyd Carr Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award 1977: Bo Schembechler 2007: Lloyd Carr Associated Press Coach of the Year 2021: Jim Harbaugh Sporting News Coach of the Year 1985: Bo Schembechler Woody Hayes Trophy 1985: Bo Schembechler 1997: Lloyd Carr George Munger Award 1989: Bo Schembechler 1997: Lloyd Carr 2011: Brady Hoke Broyles Award 1997: Jim Herrmann 2021: Josh Gattis AFCA Assistant Coach of the Year 2001: Fred Jackson Heisman Trophy voting Twenty-nine Heisman Trophy candidates have played at Michigan. Three have won the award: 1939: Tom Harmon, 2nd 1940: Tom Harmon, 1st 1941: Bob Westfall, 8th 1943: Bill Daley, 7th 1947: Bob Chappuis, 2nd 1955: Ron Kramer, 8th 1956: Ron Kramer, 6th 1964: Bob Timberlake, 4th 1968: Ron Johnson, 6th 1974: Dennis Franklin, 8th 1975: Gordon Bell, 8th 1976: Rob Lytle, 3rd 1977: Rick Leach, 8th 1978: Rick Leach, 3rd 1980: Anthony Carter, 10th 1981: Anthony Carter, 7th 1982: Anthony Carter, 4th 1986: Jim Harbaugh, 3rd 1991: Desmond Howard, 1st 1993: Tyrone Wheatley, 8th 1994: Tyrone Wheatley, 12th 1995: Tim Biakabutuka, 8th 1997: Charles Woodson, 1st 2003: Chris Perry, 4th 2004: Braylon Edwards, 10th 2006: Mike Hart, 5th 2010: Denard Robinson, 6th 2016: Jabrill Peppers, 5th 2021: Aidan Hutchinson, 2nd 2022: Blake Corum, 7th All-Americans Main article: List of Michigan Wolverines football All-Americans Team and conference MVP Michigan Most Valuable Player Award (1926–1959), Louis B. Hyde Memorial Award (1960–1994),[147] Bo Schembechler Award (1995–present); winners of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Ten's MVP also noted:[148] 1926: Benny Friedman (also Big Ten MVP) 1927: Bennie Oosterbaan 1928: Otto Pommerening 1929: James Simrall 1930: Jack Wheeler 1931: Bill Hewitt 1932: Harry Newman (also Big Ten MVP) 1933: Herman Everhardus 1934: Gerald Ford 1935: William Renner 1936: Matt Patanelli 1937: Ralph Heikkinen 1938: Ralph Heikkinen 1939: Tom Harmon 1940: Tom Harmon (also Big Ten MVP) 1941: Reuben Kelto 1942: Albert Wistert 1943: Bob Wiese 1944: Don Lund 1945: Harold Watts 1946: Bob Chappuis 1947: Bump Elliott (also Big Ten MVP) 1948: Dominic Tomasi 1949: Dick Kempthorn 1950: Don Dufek 1951: Don Peterson 1952: Ted Topor 1953: Tony Branoff 1954: Fred Baer 1955: Terry Barr 1956: Dick Hill 1957: Jim Pace (also Big Ten MVP) 1958: Bob Ptacek 1959: Tony Rio 1960: Dennis Fitzgerald 1961: John Walker 1962: Dave Raimey 1963: Tom Keating 1964: Bob Timberlake (also Big Ten MVP) 1965: Bill Yearby 1966: Jack Clancy 1967: Ron Johnson 1968: Ron Johnson (also Big Ten MVP) 1969: Jim Mandich 1970: Henry Hill and Don Moorhead 1971: Billy Taylor 1972: Randy Logan 1973: Paul Seal 1974: Steve Strinko 1975: Gordon Bell 1976: Rob Lytle (also Big Ten MVP) 1977: Russell Davis 1978: Rick Leach (also Big Ten MVP) 1979: Ron Simpkins 1980: Anthony Carter 1981: Butch Woolfolk 1982: Anthony Carter (also Big Ten MVP) 1983: Steve Smith 1984: Mike Mallory 1985: Mike Hammerstein 1986: Jim Harbaugh (also Big Ten MVP) 1987: Jamie Morris 1988: Mark Messner 1989: Tony Boles 1990: Tripp Welborne 1991: Desmond Howard (also Big Ten MVP) 1992: Chris Hutchinson 1993: Buster Stanley 1994: Todd Collins 1995: Tim Biakabutuka 1996: Rod Payne 1997: Charles Woodson (also Big Ten MVP) 1998: Tai Streets 1999: Tom Brady 2000: Anthony Thomas 2001: Marquise Walker 2002: B. J. Askew 2003: Chris Perry (also Big Ten MVP) 2004: Braylon Edwards (also Big Ten MVP) 2005: Jason Avant 2006: David Harris and Mike Hart 2007: Mike Hart 2008: Brandon Graham 2009: Brandon Graham (also Big Ten MVP) 2010: Denard Robinson (also Big Ten MVP) 2011: Denard Robinson 2012: Jordan Kovacs 2013: Jeremy Gallon 2014: Jake Ryan 2015: Jehu Chesson 2016: Jabrill Peppers 2017: Maurice Hurst Jr. 2018: Chase Winovich 2019: Shea Patterson 2020: No award presented 2021: Aidan Hutchinson (also Big Ten MVP) 2022: Blake Corum (also Big Ten MVP) Big Ten Conference honors Player of the Year 1982: Anthony Carter 1986: Jim Harbaugh Graham–George Offensive Player of the Year 1990: Jon Vaughn (coaches) 1991: Desmond Howard 1992: Tyrone Wheatley 2003: Chris Perry 2004: Braylon Edwards 2010: Denard Robinson Ameche–Dayne Running Back of the Year 2022: Blake Corum Rimington–Pace Offensive Lineman of the Year 1991: Greg Skrepenak 1998: Jon Jansen 2000: Steve Hutchinson 2004: David Baas 2006: Jake Long 2007: Jake Long 2011: David Molk 2012: Taylor Lewan 2013: Taylor Lewan Nagurski–Woodson Defensive Player of the Year 1997: Charles Woodson 2001: Larry Foote 2006: LaMarr Woodley 2016: Jabrill Peppers 2018: Devin Bush 2021: Aidan Hutchinson Smith–Brown Defensive Lineman of the Year 1985: Mike Hammerstein 1988: Mark Messner 1992: Chris Hutchinson 2006: LaMarr Woodley 2021: Aidan Hutchinson 2022: Mike Morris Thompson–Randle El Freshman of the Year 1995: Charles Woodson (coaches) 1997: Anthony Thomas (coaches and media) 2003: Steve Breaston (coaches) 2004: Mike Hart (coaches and media) 2015: Jabrill Peppers (coaches and media) Dave McClain / Hayes–Schembechler Coach of the Year 1972: Bo Schembechler (media) 1976: Bo Schembechler (media) 1980: Bo Schembechler (media) 1982: Bo Schembechler (coaches) 1985: Bo Schembechler (media and coaches) 1989: Bo Schembechler (coaches) 1991: Gary Moeller (media and coaches) 1992: Gary Moeller (media) 2011: Brady Hoke (media and coaches) 2022: Jim Harbaugh (media and coaches) Tatum–Woodson Defensive Back of the Year 2016: Jourdan Lewis Butkus–Fitzgerald Linebacker of the Year 2016: Jabrill Peppers 2018: Devin Bush Kwalick–Clark Tight End of the Year 2013: Devin Funchess 2015: Jake Butt 2016: Jake Butt Bakken–Andersen Kicker of the Year 2021: Jake Moody 2022: Jake Moody Eddleman–Fields Punter of the Year 2012: Will Hagerup 2018: Will Hart Rodgers-Dwight Return Specialist of the Year 2016: Jabrill Peppers Retired numbers Main article: List of NCAA football retired numbers The following jersey numbers have been retired by the program:[149] from left to right: Francis Wistert, Gerald Ford, and Tom Harmon, some of the players who have had their numbers retired by Michigan Michigan Wolverines retired numbers No. Player Pos. Tenure No. Ret. 11 Francis Wistert T 1931–1933 1949 Albert Wistert T 1940–1942 Alvin Wistert T 1947–1949 21 Desmond Howard WR 1989–1991 2015 47 Bennie Oosterbaan E 1925–1927 1927 48 Gerald Ford C 1932–1934 1994 87 Ron Kramer E 1954–1956 1956 98 Tom Harmon HB 1938–1940 1940 Beginning in 2011, previously retired numbers of "Michigan Football Legends" were assigned to and worn by players selected by the head coach. The Legends program was discontinued in July 2015, and the numbers again permanently retired.[150][151] Hall of Fame inductees College Football Hall of Fame See also: College Football Hall of Fame Michigan inductees into the College Football Hall of Fame as of 2022.[152] = Inducted primarily due to contributions at different university Name Position Inducted Albert Benbrook G 1971 Dave Brown S 2007 Lloyd Carr Coach 2011 Anthony Carter WR 2001 Bob Chappuis HB 1988 Fritz Crisler Coach 1954 Tom Curtis S 2005 Dan Dierdorf T 2000 Bump Elliott HB 1989 Jumbo Elliott T 2020 Pete Elliott QB 1994 Benny Friedman QB 1951 Tom Harmon HB 1954 Willie Heston C 1954 Elroy Hirsch HB 1974 Desmond Howard WR 2010 Ron Johnson RB 1992 Harry Kipke HB 1958 Ron Kramer E 1978 George Little Coach 1955 Rob Lytle RB 2015 Name Position Inducted Jim Mandich TE 2004 Johnny Maulbetsch FB 1973 Reggie McKenzie G 2002 Mark Messner DT 2022 Bill Morley HB 1971 David M. Nelson Coach 1987 Harry Newman QB 1975 Bennie Oosterbaan E 1954 Merv Pregulman T 1982 Tubby Raymond Coach 2003 Bo Schembechler Coach 1993 Germany Schulz C 1951 Neil Snow E 1978 Ernie Vick C 1983 Tad Wieman Coach 1956 Bob Westfall FB 1987 Francis Wistert T 1967 Albert Wistert T 1968 Alvin Wistert T 1981 Charles Woodson CB 2018 Fielding H. Yost Coach 1951 Pro Football Hall of Fame Michigan inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as of 2021.[153] Name Position Inducted George Allen Coach 2002 Dan Dierdorf T 1996 Len Ford DE 1976 Benny Friedman QB 2005 Bill Hewitt E 1971 Elroy Hirsch HB/E 1968 Steve Hutchinson G 2020 Ty Law CB 2019 Tom Mack G 1999 Ralph Wilson Owner 2009 Charles Woodson CB 2021 Rose Bowl Hall of Fame The Rose Bowl Hall of Fame has inducted the following Michigan players and coaches.[154] Name Position Inducted Mel Anthony FB 2002 Lloyd Carr Coach 2013 Bob Chappuis HB/QB 1992 Bump Elliott HB 1989 Brian Griese QB 2012 Chuck Ortmann HB 2008 Bo Schembechler Coach 1993 Ron Simpkins LB 2021 Neil Snow E/FB 1990 Tyrone Wheatley RB 2015 Charles Woodson CB 2017 Butch Woolfolk HB 1998 Alumni in the NFL Updated as of January 23, 2023.[155] Daylen Baldwin: Cleveland Browns Ben Bredeson: New York Giants Ian Bunting: Dallas Cowboys Devin Bush: Pittsburgh Steelers Taco Charlton: Jacksonville Jaguars (PS) Camaron Cheeseman: Washington Commanders Frank Clark: Kansas City Chiefs Mason Cole: Pittsburgh Steelers Nico Collins: Houston Texans Mike Danna: Kansas City Chiefs Michael Dwumfour: San Francisco 49ers (PS) Chris Evans: Cincinnati Bengals Rashan Gary: Green Bay Packers Zach Gentry: Pittsburgh Steelers Graham Glasgow: Denver Broncos Brandon Graham: Philadelphia Eagles Vincent Gray: New Orleans Saints (PS) Hassan Haskins: Tennessee Titans Brad Hawkins: New England Patriots (PS) Chad Henne: Kansas City Chiefs Daxton Hill: Cincinnati Bengals Christopher Hinton: Los Angeles Chargers Khaleke Hudson: Washington Commanders Maurice Hurst: San Francisco 49ers Aidan Hutchinson: Detroit Lions Donovan Jeter: Chicago Bears Carlo Kemp: Los Angeles Chargers (PS) Taylor Lewan: Tennessee Titans Jourdan Lewis: Dallas Cowboys David Long: Los Angeles Rams Ben Mason: Baltimore Ravens Jalen Mayfield: Atlanta Falcons Cameron McGrone: Indianapolis Colts Sean McKeon: Dallas Cowboys Josh Metellus: Minnesota Vikings Bryan Mone: Seattle Seahawks Quinn Nordin: New England Patriots David Ojabo: Baltimore Ravens Michael Onwenu: New England Patriots Kwity Paye: Indianapolis Colts Donovan Peoples-Jones: Cleveland Browns Jabrill Peppers: New England Patriots Josh Ross: Baltimore Ravens Cesar Ruiz: New Orleans Saints Jon Runyan: Green Bay Packers Michael Schofield: Chicago Bears Andrew Steuber: New England Patriots Benjamin St-Juste: Washington Commanders Ambry Thomas: San Francisco 49ers Josh Uche: New England Patriots Luiji Vilain: Minnesota Vikings Chase Winovich: Cleveland Browns Chris Wormley: Pittsburgh Steelers Future non-conference opponents Announced schedules as of February 10, 2023.[156][157] 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2033 2034 East Carolina Fresno State New Mexico Oklahoma at Texas at Washington Notre Dame at Notre Dame UNLV Texas at Oklahoma Bowling Green Arkansas State Central Michigan Related books Jim Cnockaert (2003). Stadium Stories: Michigan Wolverines: Colorful Tales of the Maize and Blue. Globe Pequot. ISBN 0-7627-2784-5. Kevin Allen; Art Regner; Nate Brown & Bo Schembechler (2005). What it Means to Be a Wolverine: Michigan's Greatest Players, Talk about Michigan Football. Triumph Books. ISBN 1-5724-3661-1. Bo Schembechler & John U. Bacon (2007). Bo's Lasting Lessons: The Legendary Coach Teaches the Timeless Fundamentals of Leadership. Business Plus. ISBN 978-0-4465-8199-8. John Falk & Dan Ewald (2011). If These Walls Could Talk: Michigan Football Stories from Inside the Big House. Triump Books. ISBN 978-1-6007-8657-0. Martin John Gallagher (2012). 98–21–2 The Story of the Heisman and the Michigan Man. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-4680-2135-6. Ken Magee & Jon M. Stevens (2015). The Game: The Michigan–Ohio State Football Rivalry. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5316-7160-0. John U. Bacon (2011). Three and Out: Rich Rodriguez and the Michigan Wolverines in the Crucible of College Football. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-8090-9466-0. John U. Bacon (2013). Fourth and Long: The Fight for the Soul of College Football. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-0643-6. John U. Bacon (2015). Endzone: The Rise, Fall, and Return of Michigan Football. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-2500-7897-1. John U. Bacon (2019). Overtime: Jim Harbaugh and the Michigan Wolverines at the Crossroads of College Football. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-0628-8694-1. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (/ˈdʒɛrəld/ JERR-əld;[1] born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He previously served as the leader of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives from 1965 to 1973, when he was appointed the 40th vice president by President Richard Nixon, after the resignation of Spiro Agnew. Ford succeeded to the presidency when Nixon resigned in 1974, but was defeated for election to a full term in 1976. Ford is the only U.S. president to have never been elected president or vice president. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Ford attended the University of Michigan, where he was a member of the school's football team, winning two national championships. Following his senior year, he turned down offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers, instead opting to go to Yale Law School.[2] After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve, serving from 1942 to 1946; he left as a lieutenant commander. Ford began his political career in 1949 as the U.S. representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district. He served in this capacity for nearly 25 years, the final nine of them as the House minority leader. In December 1973, two months after the resignation of Spiro Agnew, Ford became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment. After the subsequent resignation of President Nixon in August 1974, Ford immediately assumed the presidency. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure.[3] In one of his most controversial acts, he granted a presidential pardon to Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the president.[4] As president, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, which marked a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the collapse of South Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War essentially ended. In the 1976 Republican presidential primary campaign, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic challenger, former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter. Following his years as president, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. His moderate views on various social issues increasingly put him at odds with conservative members of the party in the 1990s and early 2000s. In retirement, Ford set aside the enmity he had felt towards Carter following the 1976 election, and the two former presidents developed a close friendship. After experiencing a series of health problems, he died at home on December 26, 2006, at age 93. Surveys of historians and political scientists have ranked Ford as a below-average president,[5][6][7] though retrospective public polls on his time in office were more positive.[8][9] Early life A young boy circa 1916. Ford in 1916 Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14, 1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. He was the only child of Dorothy Ayer Gardner and Leslie Lynch King Sr., a wool trader. His father was the son of prominent banker Charles Henry King and Martha Alicia King (née Porter). Gardner separated from King just sixteen days after her son's birth. She took her son with her to Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, Clarence Haskins James. From there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Gardner and King divorced in December 1913, and she gained full custody of her son. Ford's paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930.[10] Ford later said that his biological father had a history of hitting his mother.[11] In a biography of Ford, James M. Cannon wrote that the separation and divorce of Ford's parents was sparked when, a few days after Ford's birth, Leslie King took a butcher knife and threatened to kill his wife, infant son, and Ford's nursemaid. Ford later told confidants that his father had first hit his mother when she had smiled at another man during their honeymoon.[12] After living with her parents for two and a half years, on February 1, 1917, Gardner married Gerald Rudolff Ford, a salesman in a family-owned paint and varnish company. Though never formally adopted, her young son was referred to as Gerald Rudolff Ford Jr. from then on; the name change was formalized on December 3, 1935.[13] He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mother's second marriage: Thomas Gardner "Tom" Ford (1918–1995), Richard Addison "Dick" Ford (1924–2015), and James Francis "Jim" Ford (1927–2001).[14] Ford was involved in the Boy Scouts of America, and earned that program's highest rank, Eagle Scout.[15] He is the only Eagle Scout to have ascended to the U.S. presidency.[15] Ford attended Grand Rapids South High School, where he was a star athlete and captain of the football team.[16] In 1930, he was selected to the All-City team of the Grand Rapids City League. He also attracted the attention of college recruiters.[17] College and law school A uniformed but helmetless American Football player is shown on a football field. He is in a ready position, with legs in a wide stance and both hands on a football in front of him. Ford during practice as a center on the university of Michigan Wolverines football team, 1933 Ford attended the University of Michigan, where he played center, linebacker, and long snapper for the school's football team[18] and helped the Wolverines to two undefeated seasons and national titles in 1932 and 1933. In his senior year of 1934, the team suffered a steep decline and won only one game, but Ford was still the team's star player. In one of those games, Michigan held heavily favored Minnesota—the eventual national champion—to a scoreless tie in the first half. After the game, assistant coach Bennie Oosterbaan said, "When I walked into the dressing room at halftime, I had tears in my eyes I was so proud of them. Ford and [Cedric] Sweet played their hearts out. They were everywhere on defense." Ford later recalled, "During 25 years in the rough-and-tumble world of politics, I often thought of the experiences before, during, and after that game in 1934. Remembering them has helped me many times to face a tough situation, take action, and make every effort possible despite adverse odds." His teammates later voted Ford their most valuable player, with one assistant coach noting, "They felt Jerry was one guy who would stay and fight in a losing cause."[19] During Ford's senior year, a controversy developed when Georgia Tech said that it would not play a scheduled game with Michigan if a black player named Willis Ward took the field. Students, players and alumni protested, but university officials capitulated and kept Ward out of the game. Ford was Ward's best friend on the team, and they roomed together while on road trips. Ford reportedly threatened to quit the team in response to the university's decision, but he eventually agreed to play against Georgia Tech when Ward personally asked him to play.[20] In 1934, Ford was selected for the Eastern Team on the Shriner's East–West Shrine Game at San Francisco (a benefit for physically disabled children), played on January 1, 1935. As part of the 1935 Collegiate All-Star football team, Ford played against the Chicago Bears in the Chicago College All-Star Game at Soldier Field.[21] In honor of his athletic accomplishments and his later political career, the University of Michigan retired Ford's No. 48 jersey in 1994. With the blessing of the Ford family, it was placed back into circulation in 2012 as part of the Michigan Football Legends program and issued to sophomore linebacker Desmond Morgan before a home game against Illinois on October 13.[22] Throughout life, Ford remained interested in his school and football; he occasionally attended games. Ford also visited with players and coaches during practices; at one point, he asked to join the players in the huddle.[23] Before state events, Ford often had the Navy band play the University of Michigan fight song, "The Victors," instead of "Hail to the Chief."[24] Ford graduated from Michigan in 1935 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. He turned down offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League. Instead, he took a job in September 1935 as the boxing coach and assistant varsity football coach at Yale University[25] and applied to its law school.[26] Ford hoped to attend Yale Law School beginning in 1935. Yale officials at first denied his admission to the law school because of his full-time coaching responsibilities. He spent the summer of 1937 as a student at the University of Michigan Law School[27] and was eventually admitted in the spring of 1938 to Yale Law School.[25] That year he was also promoted to the position of junior varsity head football coach at Yale.[28] While at Yale, Ford began working as a model. He initially worked with the John Robert Powers agency before investing in Harry Conover's agency, with whom he modelled until 1941.[29] While attending Yale Law School, Ford joined a group of students led by R. Douglas Stuart Jr., and signed a petition to enforce the 1939 Neutrality Act. The petition was circulated nationally and was the inspiration for the America First Committee, a group determined to keep the U.S. out of World War II.[30] His introduction into politics was in the summer of 1940 when he worked for the Republican presidential campaign of Wendell Willkie.[25] Ford graduated in the top third of his class in 1941, and was admitted to the Michigan bar shortly thereafter. In May 1941, he opened a Grand Rapids law practice with a friend, Philip W. Buchen.[25] U.S. Naval Reserve Twenty-eight Sailors in the uniform of the United States Navy pose on the deck of a World War II-era Aircraft Carrier. The Gunnery officers of USS Monterey, 1943. Ford is second from the right, in the front row. Following the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, Ford enlisted in the Navy.[31] He received a commission as ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve on April 13, 1942.[32] On April 20, he reported for active duty to the V-5 instructor school at Annapolis, Maryland. After one month of training, he went to Navy Preflight School in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where he was one of 83 instructors and taught elementary navigation skills, ordnance, gunnery, first aid, and military drill. In addition, he coached all nine sports that were offered, but mostly swimming, boxing, and football. During the year he was at the Preflight School, he was promoted to Lieutenant, Junior Grade, on June 2, 1942, and to lieutenant, in March 1943.[33] Sea duty After Ford applied for sea duty, he was sent in May 1943 to the pre-commissioning detachment for the new aircraft carrier USS Monterey (CVL-26), at New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey. From the ship's commissioning on June 17, 1943, until the end of December 1944, Ford served as the assistant navigator, Athletic Officer, and antiaircraft battery officer on board the Monterey. While he was on board, the carrier participated in many actions in the Pacific Theater with the Third and Fifth Fleets in late 1943 and 1944. In 1943, the carrier helped secure Makin Island in the Gilberts, and participated in carrier strikes against Kavieng, Papua New Guinea in 1943. During the spring of 1944, the Monterey supported landings at Kwajalein and Eniwetok and participated in carrier strikes in the Marianas, Western Carolines, and northern New Guinea, as well as in the Battle of the Philippine Sea.[34] After an overhaul, from September to November 1944, aircraft from the Monterey launched strikes against Wake Island, participated in strikes in the Philippines and Ryukyus, and supported the landings at Leyte and Mindoro.[34] Although the ship was not damaged by the Empire of Japan's forces, the Monterey was one of several ships damaged by Typhoon Cobra that hit Admiral William Halsey's Third Fleet on December 18–19, 1944. The Third Fleet lost three destroyers and over 800 men during the typhoon. The Monterey was damaged by a fire, which was started by several of the ship's aircraft tearing loose from their cables and colliding on the hangar deck. Ford was serving as General Quarters Officer of the Deck and was ordered to go below to assess the raging fire. He did so safely, and reported his findings back to the ship's commanding officer, Captain Stuart H. Ingersoll. The ship's crew was able to contain the fire, and the ship got underway again.[35] After the fire, the Monterey was declared unfit for service. Ford was detached from the ship and sent to the Navy Pre-Flight School at Saint Mary's College of California, where he was assigned to the Athletic Department until April 1945. From the end of April 1945 to January 1946, he was on the staff of the Naval Reserve Training Command, Naval Air Station, Glenview, Illinois, at the rank of lieutenant commander.[25] Ford received the following military awards: the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with nine 3⁄16" bronze stars (for operations in the Gilbert Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Marshall Islands, Asiatic and Pacific carrier raids, Hollandia, Marianas, Western Carolines, Western New Guinea, and the Leyte Operation), the Philippine Liberation Medal with two 3⁄16" bronze stars (for Leyte and Mindoro), and the World War II Victory Medal.[31] He was honorably discharged in February 1946.[25] U.S. House of Representatives (1949–1973) A billboard shows a portrait of a man in a suit, with the text "To work for You in congress" at the top, followed by "Gerald R. Ford Jr.", followed by "Republican Primary September 14", with "United States Representative" across the bottom of the sign. A billboard for Ford's 1948 congressional campaign from Michigan's 5th district After Ford returned to Grand Rapids in 1946, he became active in local Republican politics, and supporters urged him to challenge Bartel J. Jonkman, the incumbent Republican congressman. Military service had changed his view of the world. "I came back a converted internationalist", Ford wrote, "and of course our congressman at that time was an avowed, dedicated isolationist. And I thought he ought to be replaced. Nobody thought I could win. I ended up winning two to one."[17] During his first campaign in 1948, Ford visited voters at their doorsteps and as they left the factories where they worked.[36] Ford also visited local farms where, in one instance, a wager resulted in Ford spending two weeks milking cows following his election victory.[37] Ford was a member of the House of Representatives for 25 years, holding Michigan's 5th congressional district seat from 1949 to 1973. It was a tenure largely notable for its modesty. As an editorial in The New York Times described him, Ford "saw himself as a negotiator and a reconciler, and the record shows it: he did not write a single piece of major legislation in his entire career."[38] Appointed to the House Appropriations Committee two years after being elected, he was a prominent member of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee. Ford described his philosophy as "a moderate in domestic affairs, an internationalist in foreign affairs, and a conservative in fiscal policy."[39] He voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957,[40][41] 1960,[42][43] 1964,[44][45] and 1968,[46][47] as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[48][49][50] Ford was known to his colleagues in the House as a "Congressman's Congressman".[51] In the early 1950s, Ford declined offers to run for either the Senate or the Michigan governorship. Rather, his ambition was to become Speaker of the House,[52] which he called "the ultimate achievement. To sit up there and be the head honcho of 434 other people and have the responsibility, aside from the achievement, of trying to run the greatest legislative body in the history of mankind ... I think I got that ambition within a year or two after I was in the House of Representatives".[31] Warren Commission Further information: Warren Commission and Assassination of John F. Kennedy The Warren Commission (Ford 4th from left) presents its report to President Johnson (1964). On November 29, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Ford to the Warren Commission, a special task force set up to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.[53] Ford was assigned to prepare a biography of accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald. He and Earl Warren also interviewed Jack Ruby, Oswald's killer. According to a 1963 FBI memo that was released to the public in 2008, Ford was in contact with the FBI throughout his time on the Warren Commission and relayed information to the deputy director, Cartha DeLoach, about the panel's activities.[54][55][56] In the preface to his book, A Presidential Legacy and The Warren Commission, Ford defended the work of the commission and reiterated his support of its conclusions.[57] House Minority Leader (1965–1973) Four men in suits are outdoors, speaking to each other in front of a large white automobile. Congressman Gerald Ford, MSFC director Wernher von Braun, Congressman George H. Mahon, and NASA Administrator James E. Webb visit the Marshall Space Flight Center for a briefing on the Saturn program, 1964. In 1964, Lyndon Johnson led a landslide victory for his party, secured another term as president and took 36 seats from Republicans in the House of Representatives. Following the election, members of the Republican caucus looked to select a new minority leader. Three members approached Ford to see if he would be willing to serve; after consulting with his family, he agreed. After a closely contested election, Ford was chosen to replace Charles Halleck of Indiana as minority leader.[58] The members of the Republican caucus that encouraged and eventually endorsed Ford to run as the House minority leader were later known as the "Young Turks" and one of the members of the Young Turks was congressman Donald H. Rumsfeld from Illinois's 13th congressional district, who later on would serve in Ford's administration as the chief of staff and secretary of defense.[59] With a Democratic majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the Johnson Administration proposed and passed a series of programs that was called by Johnson the "Great Society". During the first session of the Eighty-ninth Congress alone, the Johnson Administration submitted 87 bills to Congress, and Johnson signed 84, or 96%, arguably the most successful legislative agenda in Congressional history.[60] In 1966, criticism over the Johnson Administration's handling of the Vietnam War began to grow, with Ford and Congressional Republicans expressing concern that the United States was not doing what was necessary to win the war. Public sentiment also began to move against Johnson, and the 1966 midterm elections produced a 47-seat swing in favor of the Republicans. This was not enough to give Republicans a majority in the House, but the victory gave Ford the opportunity to prevent the passage of further Great Society programs.[58] Ford's private criticism of the Vietnam War became public knowledge after he spoke from the floor of the House and questioned whether the White House had a clear plan to bring the war to a successful conclusion.[58] The speech angered President Johnson, who accused Ford of having played "too much football without a helmet".[58][61] As minority leader in the House, Ford appeared in a popular series of televised press conferences with Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen, in which they proposed Republican alternatives to Johnson's policies. Many in the press jokingly called this "The Ev and Jerry Show."[62] Johnson said at the time, "Jerry Ford is so dumb he can't fart and chew gum at the same time."[63] The press, used to sanitizing Johnson's salty language, reported this as "Gerald Ford can't walk and chew gum at the same time."[64] After Richard Nixon was elected president in November 1968, Ford's role shifted to being an advocate for the White House agenda. Congress passed several of Nixon's proposals, including the National Environmental Policy Act and the Tax Reform Act of 1969. Another high-profile victory for the Republican minority was the State and Local Fiscal Assistance act. Passed in 1972, the act established a Revenue Sharing program for state and local governments.[65] Ford's leadership was instrumental in shepherding revenue sharing through Congress, and resulted in a bipartisan coalition that supported the bill with 223 votes in favor (compared with 185 against).[58][66] During the eight years (1965–1973) that Ford served as minority leader, he won many friends in the House because of his fair leadership and inoffensive personality.[58] Vice presidency (1973–1974) Two women are flanked by two men in suits, standing in a room of the White House. Gerald and Betty Ford with the President and First Lady Pat Nixon after President Nixon nominated Ford to be vice president, October 13, 1973 For the past decade, Ford had been unsuccessfully working to help Republicans across the country get a majority in the chamber so that he could become House Speaker. He promised his wife that he would try again in 1974 then retire in 1976.[31] However, on October 10, 1973, Spiro Agnew resigned from the vice presidency.[67] According to The New York Times, Nixon "sought advice from senior Congressional leaders about a replacement." The advice was unanimous. House Speaker Carl Albert recalled later, "We gave Nixon no choice but Ford."[38] Ford agreed to the nomination, telling his wife that the vice presidency would be "a nice conclusion" to his career.[31] Ford was nominated to take Agnew's position on October 12, the first time the vice-presidential vacancy provision of the 25th Amendment had been implemented. The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford on November 27. On December 6, the House confirmed Ford by a vote of 387 to 35. After the confirmation vote in the House, Ford took the oath of office as vice president.[25] Ford became vice president as the Watergate scandal was unfolding. On August 1, 1974, Chief of Staff Alexander Haig contacted Ford to tell him to prepare for the presidency.[25] At the time, Ford and his wife, Betty, were living in suburban Virginia, waiting for their expected move into the newly designated vice president's residence in Washington, D.C. However, "Al Haig asked to come over and see me", Ford later said, "to tell me that there would be a new tape released on a Monday, and he said the evidence in there was devastating and there would probably be either an impeachment or a resignation. And he said, 'I'm just warning you that you've got to be prepared, that things might change dramatically and you could become President.' And I said, 'Betty, I don't think we're ever going to live in the vice president's house.'"[17] Presidency (1974–1977) Main article: Presidency of Gerald Ford For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency. Swearing-in Gerald Ford is sworn in as president by Chief Justice Warren Burger in the White House East Room, while Betty Ford looks on. When Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, Ford automatically assumed the presidency, taking the oath of office in the East Room of the White House. This made him the only person to become the nation's chief executive without having been previously voted into either the presidential or vice-presidential office by the Electoral College. Immediately afterward, he spoke to the assembled audience in a speech that was broadcast live to the nation,[68][69] noting the peculiarity of his position.[70] He later declared that "our long national nightmare is over".[71] Nominating Rockefeller On August 20, Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill the vice presidency he had vacated.[72] Rockefeller's top competitor had been George H. W. Bush. Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress, which caused embarrassment when it was revealed he made large gifts to senior aides, such as Henry Kissinger. Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that Rockefeller was picked, most of them voted for his confirmation, and his nomination passed both the House and Senate. Some, including Barry Goldwater, voted against him.[73] Pardon of Nixon Main article: Pardon of Richard Nixon Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Nixon Pardon A man in a suit is seated at a table as he speaks into a bank of microphones. An audience is visible behind him. President Ford appears at a House Judiciary Subcommittee hearing in reference to his pardon of Richard Nixon. On September 8, 1974, Ford issued Proclamation 4311, which gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.[74][75][76] In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country, and that the Nixon family's situation "is a tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must."[77] Ford's decision to pardon Nixon was highly controversial. Critics derided the move and said a "corrupt bargain" had been struck between the two men,[17] in which Ford's pardon was granted in exchange for Nixon's resignation, elevating Ford to the presidency. Ford's first press secretary and close friend Jerald terHorst resigned his post in protest after the pardon.[78] According to Bob Woodward, Nixon Chief of Staff Alexander Haig proposed a pardon deal to Ford. He later decided to pardon Nixon for other reasons, primarily the friendship he and Nixon shared.[79] Regardless, historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the 1976 presidential election, an observation with which Ford agreed.[79] In an editorial at the time, The New York Times stated that the Nixon pardon was a "profoundly unwise, divisive and unjust act" that in a stroke had destroyed the new president's "credibility as a man of judgment, candor and competence".[38] On October 17, 1974, Ford testified before Congress on the pardon. He was the first sitting president since Abraham Lincoln to testify before the House of Representatives.[80][81] In the months following the pardon, Ford often declined to mention President Nixon by name, referring to him in public as "my predecessor" or "the former president." When Ford was pressed on the matter on a 1974 trip to California, White House correspondent Fred Barnes recalled that he replied "I just can't bring myself to do it."[82] After Ford left the White House in January 1977, he privately justified his pardon of Nixon by carrying in his wallet a portion of the text of Burdick v. United States, a 1915 U.S. Supreme Court decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt, and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt.[83] In 2001, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award to Ford for his pardon of Nixon.[84] In presenting the award to Ford, Senator Edward Kennedy said that he had initially been opposed to the pardon, but later decided that history had proven Ford to have made the correct decision.[85] Draft dodgers and deserters On September 16 (shortly after he pardoned Nixon), Ford issued Presidential Proclamation 4313, which introduced a conditional amnesty program for military deserters and Vietnam War draft dodgers who had fled to countries such as Canada. The conditions of the amnesty required that those reaffirm their allegiance to the United States and serve two years working in a public service job or a total of two years service for those who had served less than two years of honorable service in the military.[86] The program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters[87] established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a Presidential Pardon and a change in Military discharge status. Full pardon for draft dodgers came in the Carter administration.[88] Administration When Ford assumed office, he inherited Nixon's Cabinet. During his brief administration, he replaced all members except Secretary of State Kissinger and Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon. Political commentators have referred to Ford's dramatic reorganization of his Cabinet in the fall of 1975 as the "Halloween Massacre". One of Ford's appointees, William Coleman—the Secretary of Transportation—was the second black man to serve in a presidential cabinet (after Robert C. Weaver) and the first appointed in a Republican administration.[89] Ford selected George H. W. Bush as Chief of the US Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China in 1974, and then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in late 1975.[90] Ford's transition chairman and first Chief of Staff was former congressman and ambassador Donald Rumsfeld. In 1975, Rumsfeld was named by Ford as the youngest-ever Secretary of Defense. Ford chose a young Wyoming politician, Richard Cheney, to replace Rumsfeld as his new Chief of Staff; Cheney became the campaign manager for Ford's 1976 presidential campaign.[91] Midterm elections Main articles: 1974 United States House elections and 1974 United States Senate elections The 1974 Congressional midterm elections took place in the wake of the Watergate scandal and less than three months after Ford assumed office. The Democratic Party turned voter dissatisfaction into large gains in the House elections, taking 49 seats from the Republican Party, increasing their majority to 291 of the 435 seats. This was one more than the number needed (290) for a two-thirds majority, the number necessary to override a Presidential veto or to propose a constitutional amendment. Perhaps due in part to this fact, the 94th Congress overrode the highest percentage of vetoes since Andrew Johnson was President of the United States (1865–1869).[92] Even Ford's former, reliably Republican House seat was won by a Democrat, Richard Vander Veen, who defeated Robert VanderLaan. In the Senate elections, the Democratic majority became 61 in the 100-seat body.[93] Domestic policy Inflation Twenty people meet in a conference room around an oval table. One man, at the center of the table on the right-hand side, is addressing the others. All are wearing suits or similar attire. Ford meeting with his Cabinet, 1975 The economy was a great concern during the Ford administration. One of the first acts the new president took to deal with the economy was to create, by Executive Order on September 30, 1974, the Economic Policy Board.[94] In October 1974, in response to rising inflation, Ford went before the American public and asked them to "Whip Inflation Now". As part of this program, he urged people to wear "WIN" buttons.[95] At the time, inflation was believed to be the primary threat to the economy, more so than growing unemployment; there was a belief that controlling inflation would help reduce unemployment.[94] To rein in inflation, it was necessary to control the public's spending. To try to mesh service and sacrifice, "WIN" called for Americans to reduce their spending and consumption.[96] On October 4, 1974, Ford gave a speech in front of a joint session of Congress; as a part of this speech he kicked off the "WIN" campaign. Over the next nine days, 101,240 Americans mailed in "WIN" pledges.[94] In hindsight, this was viewed as simply a public relations gimmick which had no way of solving the underlying problems.[97] The main point of that speech was to introduce to Congress a one-year, five-percent income tax increase on corporations and wealthy individuals. This plan would also take $4.4 billion out of the budget, bringing federal spending below $300 billion.[98] At the time, inflation was over twelve percent.[99] Budget Ford and his golden retriever, Liberty, in the Oval Office, 1974 The federal budget ran a deficit every year Ford was president.[100] Despite his reservations about how the program ultimately would be funded in an era of tight public budgeting, Ford signed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, which established special education throughout the United States. Ford expressed "strong support for full educational opportunities for our handicapped children" according to the official White House press release for the bill signing.[101] The economic focus began to change as the country sank into the worst recession since the Great Depression four decades earlier.[102] The focus of the Ford administration turned to stopping the rise in unemployment, which reached nine percent in May 1975.[103] In January 1975, Ford proposed a 1-year tax reduction of $16 billion to stimulate economic growth, along with spending cuts to avoid inflation.[98] Ford was criticized for abruptly switching from advocating a tax increase to a tax reduction. In Congress, the proposed amount of the tax reduction increased to $22.8 billion in tax cuts and lacked spending cuts.[94] In March 1975, Congress passed, and Ford signed into law, these income tax rebates as part of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975. This resulted in a federal deficit of around $53 billion for the 1975 fiscal year and $73.7 billion for 1976.[104] When New York City faced bankruptcy in 1975, Mayor Abraham Beame was unsuccessful in obtaining Ford's support for a federal bailout. The incident prompted the New York Daily News' famous headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead", referring to a speech in which "Ford declared flatly ... that he would veto any bill calling for 'a federal bail-out of New York City'".[105][106] Swine flu Main article: 1976 swine flu outbreak Ford was confronted with a potential swine flu pandemic. In the early 1970s, an influenza strain H1N1 shifted from a form of flu that affected primarily pigs and crossed over to humans. On February 5, 1976, an army recruit at Fort Dix mysteriously died and four fellow soldiers were hospitalized; health officials announced that "swine flu" was the cause. Soon after, public health officials in the Ford administration urged that every person in the United States be vaccinated.[107] Although the vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems, some 25% of the population was vaccinated by the time the program was canceled in December 1976.[108] Equal rights and abortion A man sits at his desk, smoking a pipe, while two other men speak to him from the other side of the desk. Cheney, Rumsfeld and Ford in the Oval Office, 1975 Ford was an outspoken supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment, issuing Presidential Proclamation no. 4383 in 1975: In this Land of the Free, it is right, and by nature it ought to be, that all men and all women are equal before the law. Now, therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, to remind all Americans that it is fitting and just to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment adopted by the Congress of the United States of America, in order to secure legal equality for all women and men, do hereby designate and proclaim August 26, 1975, as Women's Equality Day.[109] As president, Ford's position on abortion was that he supported "a federal constitutional amendment that would permit each one of the 50 States to make the choice".[110] This had also been his position as House Minority Leader in response to the 1973 Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, which he opposed.[111] Ford came under criticism when First Lady Betty Ford entered the debate over abortion during an August 1975 interview for 60 Minutes, in which she stated that Roe v. Wade was a "great, great decision".[112] During his later life, Ford would identify as pro-choice.[113] Foreign policy Two men in suits are seated, each signing a document in front of them. Six men, one in a military uniform, stand behind them. Ford meets with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev to sign a joint communiqué on the SALT treaty during the Vladivostok Summit, November 1974. Ford continued the détente policy with both the Soviet Union and China, easing the tensions of the Cold War. Still in place from the Nixon administration was the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT).[114] The thawing relationship brought about by Nixon's visit to China was reinforced by Ford's own visit in December 1975.[115] The Administration entered into the Helsinki Accords[116] with the Soviet Union in 1975, creating the framework of the Helsinki Watch, an independent non-governmental organization created to monitor compliance which later evolved into Human Rights Watch.[117] Ford attended the inaugural meeting of the Group of Seven (G7) industrialized nations (initially the G5) in 1975 and secured membership for Canada. Ford supported international solutions to issues. "We live in an interdependent world and, therefore, must work together to resolve common economic problems," he said in a 1974 speech.[118] In November 1975, Ford adopted the global human population control recommendations of National Security Study Memorandum 200 – a national security directive initially commissioned by Nixon – as United States policy in the subsequent NSDM 314.[119][120] The plan explicitly states the goal was population control and not improving the lives of individuals despite instructing 
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