c1890 ORIGINAL UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRACK TEAM VINTAGE PHOTO FRAMED WOLVERINE

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176277808979 c1890 ORIGINAL UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRACK TEAM VINTAGE PHOTO FRAMED WOLVERINE. A\N EXTREMELY RARE FRAMED VINTYAGE ORIGINAL PHOTO C1890 PHOTO OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN WOLVERINES TRACK TEAM. FRAME WITH GLASS IS IN FAIR SHAPE FOR ITS AGE AND MEASURES APPROXIMATELY OVERALL 24 1/2 X 20 3/4 INCHES WHILE THE PHOTO MEASURES APPROXIMATELY 15 3/4 X 12 12/4 INCHES. 
The Michigan Wolverines men's track and field team is the intercollegiate track and field program representing the University of Michigan. The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Michigan men's track and field athletes have won 43 NCAA individual event championships,[2] 14 Olympic gold medals,[3] 57 Big Ten Conference team championships (31 outdoor, 26 indoor),[4] and one NCAA team championship.[5][6] The team has had 11 coaches in 109 years from 1901 to 2009. The team is currently coached by head coach Fred LaPlante and associate head coach Ron Warhurst. Contents 1 Coaches 2 History 2.1 Fitzpatrick era (1901–10) 2.2 Kraenzlein era (1911–12) 2.3 Farrell era (1913–29) 2.4 Hoyt era (1930–39) 2.5 Doherty era (1940–48) 2.6 Canham era (1950–68) 2.7 Martin era (1969–71) 2.8 Farmer era (1972–74) 2.9 Harvey era (1975–99) 2.10 Warhurst era (2000–08) 2.11 LaPlante era (2009–) 3 University of Michigan Track & Field Hall of Fame 4 NCAA individual event champions 5 Michigan's Olympic medalists 5.1 1900 Olympics 5.2 1904 Olympics 5.3 1906 Olympics 5.4 1908 Olympics 5.5 1912 Olympics 5.6 1920 Olympics 5.7 1924 Olympics 5.8 1928 Olympics 5.9 1932 Olympics 5.10 1936 Olympics 5.11 1960 Summer Olympics 5.12 1964 Summer Olympics 5.13 1984 Summer Olympics 5.14 2008/2016 Summer Olympics 6 References 7 External links Coaches Coach Years Overall Notes Keene Fitzpatrick 1901–10 24–2–1 6 Western Conference championships; 8 Olympic medalists Alvin Kraenzlein 1911–12 1–5–0 Stephen Farrell 1913–29 50–16–1 1 NCAA team championship; 4 Big Ten team indoor championships; 5 Big Ten team outdoor championships Charles B. Hoyt 1930–39 40–6–0 Ken Doherty 1940–48 22–14–1 7 Big Ten team indoor championships; 7 Big Ten team outdoor championships Don Canham 1950–68 52–13–2 4 Big Ten team indoor championships; 3 Big Ten team outdoor championships David Martin 1969–71 7–6–0 7 Big Ten team indoor championships; 4 Big Ten team outdoor championships Dixon Farmer 1972–74 6–6–0 Jack Harvey 1975–99 4 Big Ten team indoor championships; 6 Big Ten team outdoor championships Ron Warhurst 2000–08 1 Big Ten team outdoor championship Fred LaPlante 2009–13 History Fitzpatrick era (1901–10) Michigan's first track coach was the famous trainer Keene Fitzpatrick (1864–1944). Fitzpatrick was a track coach, athletic trainer, professor of physical training and gymnasium director for 42 years at Yale (1890–1891, 1896–1898), Michigan (1894–1895, 1898–1910), and Princeton (1910–1932).[7] He was considered "one of the pioneers of intercollegiate sport."[8] Fitzpatrick was first hired by Michigan in 1894 as the trainer for the school's football team.[9][10][11] He continued to be the trainer of Michigan's football teams through 1910, and was credited by many with the success of Fielding H. Yost's "Point-a-Minute" football teams of the early 1900s.[12][13][14] Fitzpatrick became Michigan's first track coach in 1900 and continued to serve in that role through 1910. During those years, Fitzpatrick's teams compiled a 24–2–1 record in dual meets and won Western Conference track championships in 1900,[15] 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1906.[4] In 1907, Michigan sent its track team east to compete for their inaugural Inter-Collegiate Association of Amateur Athletics of America ("IC4A") meet, and Fitzpatrick's team came away with 29 points and a second-place finish.[16] Michigan's first track coach, Keene Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick's athletes excelled in four Olympiads during his tenure as track coach, bringing home 7 gold medals out of 15.[citation needed] In 1900, funds were solicited from faculty, students, alumni and Ann Arbor businessmen to send Fitzpatrick and four Michigan track athletes to the 1900 Paris Summer Olympics. John McLean won a silver medal in the high hurdles. Michigan's champion pole-vaulter, Charles Dvorak and other Americans faced a quandary: finals of some events were scheduled on Sunday, including the pole vault. Several American university teams agreed they could not violate the Sabbath.[15] Dvorak was reportedly told that the final had been rescheduled, but Dvorak and another American left. Several special competitions were conducted later to accommodate the Americans, when Dvorak win a silver medal.[15] One of the highlights for Michigan athletics during the Fitzpatrick years came at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, which have sometimes been referred to as the "Michigan Olympics."[17] Five University of Michigan track and field athletes won nine medals: six gold, two silver, and one bronze.[17] The Michigan medal winners at the 1904 Olympics were: Michigan's first track and field star Archie Hahn won four Olympic gold medals Archie Hahn – gold medals in the 60 meters, 100 meters, and 200 meters; Ralph Rose – gold medal in the shot put, silver medal in the discus, and bronze medal in the hammer throw; Charles Dvorak – gold medal in the pole vault; Fred Schule – gold medal in the 110-meter hurdles; and Wesley Coe – silver medal in the shot put. Archie Hahn became a major star, and Fitzpatrick was credited with developing his unusual running style. Shortly before the 1904 Olympics, a Wisconsin sports writer described the style this way: "Hahn has a new style of running. Nobody at Michigan understands the style, except that Keene Fitzpatrick invented it, and that Hahn steps differently than ever before. Even to see Hahn's new stride is not to analyze how he manages to lift his feet so high in front. The new stride suggests that he is trying to climb a hill. The little man has toughened every muscle in his body and trained it to be a spring."[18] With three medals, Ralph Rose also became a star. In December 1904, the New York Evening Sun wrote that Rose was "the first perfect physique ever seen at the University of Michigan" as measured by Fitzpatrick's anthropometric charts.[19] At 6 feet, 3 inches, 246 pounds, a 29.9-inch right thigh, and a 47.6-inch expanded chest, he was the school's first "perfect physique."[19] Fitzpatrick said Ralph Craig was the best sprinter he ever turned out. At the 1906 Summer Olympics in Athens, Archie Hahn successfully defended his gold gold medal standing in the 100-meter, adding it to his three others.[20] And at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, Michigan athlete Ralph Rose repeated as the gold medalist in the shot put, and John Garrels won a silver medal in the 110-meter hurdles and a bronze in the shot put.[21] Fitzpatrick also coached Ralph Craig. Following Fitzpatrick's departure from Michigan, Craig went on to win gold medals in the 100 metres and 200 metres at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. In 1932, Fitzpatrick said that Craig was the best sprinter he ever turned out, though Johnny Garrels was the best all-around athlete he ever handled.[22] Fitzpatrick's pupils, Hahn and Craig, were the only Olympic double sprint winners prior to another Michigan athlete, Eddie Tolan, accomplishing the feat at the 1932 Summer Olympics.[7] Kraenzlein era (1911–12) When Fitzpatrick left Michigan to become a trainer and coach at Princeton, Michigan hired Alvin Kraenzlein, one of the most accomplished athletes in the county, as his replacement. Kraenzlein won four gold medals for the United States at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, winning the gold in the 60-meter sprint, the 110-meter hurdles, the 200-meter hurdles, and the long jump.[23] In Kraenzlein's two years as coach, the team finished third at the IC4A meet both years.[16] Farrell era (1913–29) Stephen Farrell led Michigan to the NCAA track and field championship in 1923. Michigan's third track coach, Stephen Farrell (1863–1933) raced with hook and ladder teams in the 1880s and became known as "the greatest professional footracer this country has ever known."[24] He was the first American to be a two-time winner of England's Sheffield Cup and competed in races from 100 yards to one mile. Seeking new challenges, he performed with the Barnum & Bailey Circus for several years racing against a horse, and losing only a half dozen times. In September 1912, Farrell was hired as the athletic trainer at the University of Michigan and noted at the time that the Ann Arbor institution "is the only western college that is thought much of down east."[25] He served as the school's track coach until his retirement in 1930, and he was also the trainer to Fielding H. Yost's football teams from 1912 to 1919. In 1915, a series of newspaper articles touted Farrell as an innovator in track coaching, noting his innovations in the following areas: In February 1915, The New York Times reported on Farrell's novel plan to instill "enthusiasm and vim" in his athletes by having them train to the accompaniment of music played by the Varsity band. Farrell noted that his athletes had been taking more interest in dancing competitions than athletic training. Farrell planned to have the musicians "render tunes a trifle faster than the natural stride" of Michigan's best performer in each event. "It is expected that the inspiration of the music and the natural efforts of the dancers to get in time should make the Michigan men exert themselves more willingly than they are at present doing."[26] In January 1915, Farrell introduced rope skipping as a training method for his long-distance runners. Farrell noted, "It is a great form of exercise to develop the body, especially making men long winded and strong in the legs. It also has a tendency in making them quick and alert on their toes."[27] Farrell instituted "the espionage system of discovering budding athletes" by stationing "a force of spies" in the college gymnasium watching for men of sufficient prowess to compete on the track team. The "new detective method of locating possible athletes" was begun after a freshman student was seen completing a high jump of six feet — six inches higher than any member of the track team.[28] When Michigan rejoined the Big Ten Conference in 1918, Farrell's Michigan track teams promptly won the indoor and outdoor track championships in both 1918 and 1919.[29] Between 1918 and 1930, Farrell's teams won ten Big Ten Conference championships.[29][30] His teams had a 50–16–1 record in dual meets, and his athletes won 76 Big Ten individual event titles and 11 NCAA individual event titles.[4] Michigan also won its only NCAA team track championship in 1923 under Farrell.[4] During the Farrell era, Michigan's star athletes included: Carl Johnson — the first athlete to win four events at a Big Ten Conference meet;[31] silver medalist in the long jump at the 1920 Summer Olympics held in Antwerp, Belgium. DeHart Hubbard — the first African American to win an Olympic gold medal in an individual event (the long jump at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris); Hubbard also set world records in the long jump (25 feet 10 3⁄4 inches (7.89 m)) and the 100-yard dash (9.6 seconds);[31] and Eddie Tolan, gold medalist in the 100 and 200-meter races at the 1932 Summer Olympics.[31] Phil Northrup – a three-time NCAA champion and four-time All-American, in the javelin throw and pole vault, (1925–27). Northrup was inducted to the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Fame in 2007.[32][33][34] Walter Eckersall later wrote that, beyond coaching stars, Farrell was "a stickler for balance and depended more upon the ability of athletes to win third, fourth and fifth places than those who were picked to win."[35] He won many meets by focusing on team power and placing athletes where they could score points.[35] When Farrell announced his retirement, the noted sports columnist Grantland Rice paid tribute to Farrell's talent in training sprinters. "As long as Farrell is active he will continue to turn out championship sprinters. The 'Steve start' is about the fastest thing uncovered. Michigan sprinters are in the lead at ten yards. They're out in front here, even when they're occasionally whipped. There is no finer influence on college athletes in America than that which Steve exerts at Michigan ..."[36] Hoyt era (1930–39) Michigan's fourth track coach was Charles B. Hoyt, a native of Iowa won intercollegiate championships in both the 100-yard and 220-yard runs before turning to coaching.[37] Hoyt was hired by the University of Michigan in 1923 as the assistant to Stephen Farrell and trainer of the football team.[37] In 1930, he took over the head coaching post when Farrell retired. In Hoyt's ten years as Michigan's head coach, Michigan track teams won 14 of a possible 20 Big Ten Conference indoor and outdoor titles, including six straight indoor championships from 1934 to 1939.[4][37] With Hoyt as head coach, Michigan was 40-6-0 in dual meets.[4] His Michigan athletes also won five individual NCAA championships and 63 individual Big Ten championships (27 indoor and 33 outdoor).[4] The athletes Hoyt coached at Michigan include: Sam Stoller – one of two Jews on the American track team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics; a controversy was sparked when he was pulled from the 4 x 100 meter relay event.[38][39][40][41][42][43] William Watson – won 12 individual Big Ten Conference championships, including three consecutive championships (1937–1939) in the long jump, discus and shot put; first African-American to win the AAU decathlon championship in 1940 [44][page needed][45][46][47] Elmer Gedeon – tied a world record in the high hurdles in 1938; shot down and killed while piloting a B-26 bomber on a mission over France in April 1944.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] Willis Ward – collegiate champion in the high jump, long jump, 100-yard dash, and 400-yard dash; finished second in voting for AP Big Ten Athlete of the Year in 1933; second African-American to letter in football at Michigan.[56][57][58][59] Bob Osgood – set a world record in the 120-yard high hurdles in May 1937; won Big Ten Conference championship in the event in both 1936 and 1937.[60][61][62][63] Doherty era (1940–48) Michigan's fifth track coach, Ken Doherty (1905–1996), was an American decathlon champion before he turned to coaching. He won the American decathlon championship in 1928 and 1929 while a student at the University of Michigan; he also won the bronze medal in the event at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.[64][65][66][67] [68] Doherty, described as "a lean, quiet Scot,"[69] was hired as an assistant track coach at Michigan in 1930, by the University of Michigan as its assistant track coach serving under the Wolverines' new head coach, Charles B. Hoyt.[70] He remained Hoyt's assistant for nine years and took over as Michigan's head track coach in 1939 when Hoyt accepted a job at Yale. Doherty served nine years as Michigan's head coach, leading Michigan to seven Big Ten Conference championships (four indoor and three outdoor).[4] In his nine years as head coach at Michigan, he coached some of the schools all-time great athletes, including the following: William Watson – won 12 individual Big Ten Conference championships, including three consecutive championships (1937–1939) in the long jump, discus and shot put; first African-American to win the AAU decathlon championship in 1940 Robert H. Hume and H. Ross Hume – the "dead heat twins" who were champions in the mile and regularly finished their races holding hands in dead heat victories. Bob Ufer – set the world indoor record in the 440 yards and later the radio voice of Michigan football Don Canham – All-America who won the 1940 NCAA title in the high jump and was both the indoor and outdoor Big Ten Conference champion in both 1940 and 1941; succeeded Doherty as Michigan's track coach and became a school legend as its athletic director from 1968 to 1988 Charlie Fonville – NCAA shot put champion in 1947 and 1948; set world record in 1948 Canham era (1950–68) Don Canham took over as Michigan's track and field coach in 1950. He remained the head coach from 1950 to 1968. Canham was a Michigan graduate who won the NCAA high jump championship in 1940.[2] During Canham's 19 years as Michigan's head coach, the track and field team compiled a record of 52–13–2 in dual meets and won seven Big Ten team championships—four indoor and three outdoor.[4] Outstanding individual performers during the Canham era include the following: Charlie Fonville – won three Big Ten championships in the shot put and set a new world record in the event Don McEwen – won six Big Ten individual titles and two NCAA individual titles in the two-mile race Roland Nilsson – won six Big Ten championships in the shot put and finished 5th in the event at the 1952 Summer Olympics Milt Mead – won the 1953 NCAA championship in the high jump Dave Owen – won nine individual Big Ten titles and one NCAA individual title in the shot put Eeles Landström – won two Big Ten championships in the pole vault and a bronze medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics Tom Robinson – represented the Bahamas as a sprinter in four Summer Olympics from 1956 to 1968; gold medalist in the 100-meter race at the 1962 Central American and Caribbean Games Ergas Lep – won nine Big Ten individual championships in middle-distance events; competed for Canada on the 1960 and 1964 Olympic teams Kent Bernard – won five individual Big Ten titles in sprint events and competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics Ron Kutschinski – Big Ten champion and All-American distance runner who competed for the United States in the 1968 Summer Olympics Martin era (1969–71) Dave Martin was Michigan's head coach from 1969 to 1971. Martin began with the Michigan track team as an All-American runner and Big Ten steeplechase champion. After graduating from Michigan in 1961, he became an assistant coach under Don Canham. Martin took over as head coach in 1969, and coached six All-Americans in his three years with Michigan. Martin's 1969 team finished 11th in the NCAA indoor championships.[71] Farmer era (1972–74) Dixon Farmer was Michigan's head coach from 1972 to 1974. Farmer was an NCAA champion in the 440-yard hurdles before becoming a coach. In three years at Michigan, he coached six All-Americans including Jamaican hurdler Godfrey Murray and Kim Rowe. Farmer's 1973 team finished eighth at the NCAA Indoor Championships.[71] Harvey era (1975–99) Coach Harvey with Russell Davis, c. 1976 Jack Harvey served as head coach of the Michigan track team for 25 years from 1975 to 1999—longer than any other head coach in the history of the program. Harvey was a University of Michigan track team member in the 1960s, an All-American and Big Ten shot put champion. He served as an assistant coach at the school before taking over as head coach in 1975. Harvey coached 93 All-Americans and six Olympians in his 25 years as head coach. His track teams placed in the top ten at the NCAA championships on five occasions and won 10 Big Ten championships—four indoor and six outdoor.[71] Outstanding individual performers during the Harvey era include the following: Greg Meyer – was a Big Ten champion distance runner and an All-American in the steeplechase while competing for Michigan from 1974 to 1977; won the Boston Marathon in 1983 Mike Lattany – won three Big Ten individual championships in the high jump while competing for Michigan from 1979 to 1982 Andrew Bruce – won eight Big Ten individual championships as a sprinter for Michigan from 1979 to 1982; competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics Brian Diemer – competed for Michigan in the steeplechase from 1980 to 1983; won NCAA 3000m steeplechase in 1983; and participated in three Olympiads (1984–1992), winning his inaugural Olympic bronze medal in 1984 Thomas Wilcher – won an NCAA individual championship as a hurdler while competing for Michigan in the mid-1980s; was a three-time All-American John Scherer – won three NCAA individual championships and four Big Ten individual championships as a distance runner for Michigan from 1986 to 1989 Warhurst era (2000–08) Ron Warhurst was Michigan's head track coach for nine years from 2000 to 2008. Warhurst had been a member of the cross country teams at Western Michigan that won consecutive NCAA championships in 1964 and 1965.[71] From 1968 to 1970, Warhurst served in the U.S. Marine Corps and was awarded two Purple Hearts and a Navy Commendation Medal for service in Vietnam.[72] He became the University of Michigan's cross country coach in 1974, a position he has held for more than 35 years. He served as assistant coach of the men's track and field team for 26 years.[72] In 2000, Warhurst took over as head coach of the track team. Warhurst has coached 44 All-Americans and 12 Olympians at Michigan. His 2004 team finished fifth at the NCAA indoor championship.[71] In 2008, Warhurst's team won the school's first Big Ten outdoor championship since 1983.[73] Michigan won six individual Big Ten event championships in 2008,[73] and Warhurst was named Big Ten Coach of the Year and Great Lakes Regional Coach of the Year.[72] During the Warhurst era, Michigan's middle-distance runners excelled. In 2003, Canadian runner Nate Brannen won the NCAA indoor championship in the 800-meter run. In 2005, New Zealand middle-distance runner Nick Willis won the NCAA indoor championship in the mile run. A third middle-distance runner, Andrew Ellerton won the NCAA outdoor championship in the 800-meter run in 2007. Michigan also dominated the distance medley event in the mid-2000s, winning the NCAA indoor championship in 2004 (with a team of DarNell Talbert, Ellerton, Willis, and Brannen) and again in 2005 (with a team of Rondell Ruff, Stan Waithe, Ellerton, and Brannen). Nicholas 'Nick' Willis is one of Ron Warhurst's biggest coaching success stories. He is a 4-time Olympiad and 2-time Olympics medallist. His inaugural Olympiad was the 2004 Athens Summer Olympic, competing for New Zealand in the 1500 meters. Three Michigan middle-distance runners all qualified for the 1500 meters race at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing—Nick Willis for New Zealand, and Kevin Sullivan and fellow Canadian Nate Brannen for Canada. Willis won his inaugural Olympic medal (silver) at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics in the 1500 meters. He also competed in the 2012 London Summer Olympics, and again in the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in 2016 winning his second Olympic medal, Bronze in the 1500 meters.[74] Willis also won the gold medal in the 1500 meters race at the 2006 Commonwealth Games and bronze medals in the 2010 and 2014 Commonwealth Games 1500 meters.[75] Warhurst remained as head coach up until 2008, and in 2009 he then became an associate head coach for the track and field team under current head coach Fred LaPlante. He has coached Nick Willis since he entered the University of Michigan as a freshman collegiate runner on the MU Track and Field team in 2003, and ever since then as Willis has pursued a successful professional running career. They have one of the most successful coach/athlete partnerships in the history of Wolverine track and field to date, spanning 14 years, with Warhurst having guided Willis through 4 Olympiads and 3 Commonwealth Games culminating in a total of 5 medals in Willis's specialty the 1500M. In 2015 Ron Warhurst, Nick Willis, and former team-mate Nate Brannen were inducted into the Michigan Track and Field Hall of Fame.[76] Michigan's sprinters and hurdlers also excelled in the late 2000s. In 2007, Jeff Porter won the NCAA indoor championship in the 60-meter hurdles. Sprinter Adam Harris was named the 2008 Big Ten Track Athlete of the Year after winning Big Ten event championships in the 60 meters (indoors), 200 meters and 4×100 meter relay. Harris ran a personal best 20.68 seconds in the 200-meter race at the NCAA Mideast Regional and qualified to compete for Guyana in that event at the 2008 Olympics.[74][72] LaPlante era (2009–) Fred LaPlante took over as the head coach of Michigan's track and field team in 2009. LaPlante is a native of Toledo, Ohio and a graduate of Eastern Michigan University where he was an NCAA champion in the 1,500 meters race.[77] He has been a track coach since the 1970s, including women's head track and field coach at San Diego State from 1979 to 1983 followed by head coach of the University of Southern California women's track and field team for several years in the 1980s.[77] LaPlante was later head coach of the Lehigh University Mountainhawks track and cross country teams in the mid-1990s, where he succeeded nationally renowned coach John Covert. He was the assistant coach at Michigan from 1997 to 2008 and was named the 2008 NCAA Great Lakes Regional Assistant Coach of the Year in 2008. That year, the Wolverines won six Big Ten sprint titles and had All-Americans in the 60-meters (Adam Harris) and the 4×400-meter relay (Andre Barnes, Andrew Wechter, Dan Harmsen and Stann Waithe).[77] In LaPlante's first season as head coach, sprinter Adam Harris was named the 2009 Big Ten track athlete of the year (indoor). In 2009, Harris set University of Michigan records in the 60-meter dash (6.60) and the 100-meter dash (10.09). He was also named a 2009 All-American in the 60-meter and 100-meter dashes. Harris won eight Big Ten championships at Michigan—four in 2008 and two in 2009. After graduating in 2009, Harris became a volunteer assistant coach with the Michigan track and field team.[78] Junior hurdler Carl Buchanon, sophomore distance runner Craig Forys, and junior multi-event performer Frank Shotwell have been named co-captains of the Michigan track and field team for the 2010 season.[79] University of Michigan Track & Field Hall of Fame In 2006, the University of Michigan track and field staff established the University of Michigan Track and Field Hall of Fame. Eleven individuals have been inducted into the Hall of Fame each year since 2006.[80] Name Event Competition years Induction year Hall of Honor[81] Key accomplishments Diemer, Brian Steeplechase 1980-1983 2006 No Three-time Olympian (1984–1992); Olympic bronze medal (1984) Fonville, Charlie Shot put 1946-1950 2006 Yes Three Big Ten championships; World record holder Hahn, Archie Sprints 1904-1906 2006 Yes Two-time Olympian (1904 and 1906); Four Olympic gold medals Hoyt, Charles Head coach 1930-1939 2006 No 14 Big Ten Conference titles Hubbard, DeHart Sprints, long jump 1923-1925 2006 Yes First African-American athlete to win an individual Olympic gold medal (1924); set world record in the long jump Johnson, Carl Sprints, hurdles high jump 1918-1920 2006 No 1920 Olympian Murray, Godfrey Hurdles 1970-1973 2006 No 1972 Olympian Nilsson, Roland "Fritz" Shot put, discus 1952-1954 2006 No Six Big Ten championships; Finished 5th in the shot put and 7th in the discus throw at the 1952 Summer Olympics Robinson, Tom Sprints 1959-1961 2006 Yes Represented Bahamas in four Summer Olympics(1956–1968); gold medalist in the 100 meters at 1962 Central American and Caribbean Games Sullivan, Kevin Distance 1994-1998 2006 No 12 Big Ten individual titles; Three NCAA individual titles; Two-time Olympian Tolan, Eddie Sprints 1929-1931 2006 Yes Gold medals in 100 and 200 metres, 1932 Olympics; Set world record in 100 yard dash at 9.5 Barten, Herb Distance 1946-1949 2007 No Five individual Big Ten titles; 1948 Olympian Bernard, Kent Sprints 1963-1965 2007 No Five individual Big Ten titles; 1964 Olympian Craig, Ralph Sprints 1909-1911 2007 No Two Olympic gold medals (1912) Doherty, Ken Head coach 1940-1948 2007 No Seven Big Ten team titles Donakowski, Bill Distance 1974-1977 2007 No Three individual titles Gardner, Neil Hurdles 1994-1997 2007 No Three NCAA individual titles; 1996 Olympian McEwen, Don Middle distance 1950-1952 2007 Yes Six Big Ten individual titles; Two NCAA individual titles Northrup, Phil Javelin, pole vault 1925-1927 2007 No Three NCAA individual titles; Three Big Ten individual titles Rose, Ralph Shot put, discus 1904 2007 No Three Olympic gold medals Scherer, John Distance 1986-1989 2007 No Four Big Ten individual titles; Three NCAA individual titles Watson, Bill Long jump, discus, shot put 1937-1939 2007 Yes 12 individual Big Ten titles Brooker, James Pole vault 1923-1925 2008 No Two individual Big Ten titles; Two NCAA individual titles; Olympic bronze medal (1924) Bruce, Andrew Sprints 1979-1982 2008 No Eight individual Big Ten titles; 1980 Olympian Canham, Don High jump Head coach 1939-1941 1948-1968 2008 Yes Four individual Big Ten titles; One NCAA individual title; 11 Big Ten conference titles as coach Dvorak, Charles Pole vault 1900-1904 2008 No Olympic gold medal (1904); Olympic silver medal (1900) Hume, Robert H. Middle distance 1943-1946 2008 Yes Five individual Big Ten titles; One NCAA individual title Hume, H. Ross Middle distance 1943-1946 2008 Yes Six individual Big Ten titles; One NCAA individual title Lattany, Mike High jump 1978-1980 2008 No Three individual Big Ten titles Lep, Ergas Middle distance 1960-1962 2008 No Nine individual Big Ten titles; Two-time Olympian for Canada (1960 and 1964) Mortimer, John Distance 1996-1999 2008 No Five individual Big Ten titles Owen, Dave Shot put 1955-1957 2008 No Nine individual Big Ten titles; One NCAA individual title Schule, Fred Hurdles 2008 No Olympic gold medal (1904) Ward, Willis Sprints, Long jump 1931-1935 2008 Yes Eight individual Big Ten titles; Three NCAA individual titles Darr, Brad Pole vault 1989-1992 2009 No Three-time All-American; Big Ten champion; Penn Relays champion Farrell, Stephen Head coach 1918-1929 2009 No 1923 NCAA team championship; coached 3 Olympic champions and 11 national champions Garrels, John Shot put, Hurdles, Discus 1904-1907 2009 No Olympic silver medal (1908 hurdles); Olympic bronze medal (1908 shot put); Six-time Big Ten individual champion; Three-time Penn Relays discus champion Hester, George "Buck" Head coach 1926-1928 2009 No Two-time Canadian Olympian (1924 and 1928); Two-time All-American; Two Big Ten individual championships Kutschinski, Ron Distance 1967-1969 2009 No 1968 Olympian; All-American; Big Ten outdoor champion Landström, Eeles Pole vault 1958-1959 2009 No Three-time Finnish Olympian (1952–1960); Olympic bronze medal (1960); All-American; Two Big Ten individual championships Meyer, Greg Distance 1974-1977 2009 No All-American (steeplechase); Big Ten Champion; 1983 Boston Marathon winner Stoller, Sam Sprinter 1935-1937 2009 No 1936 Olympian and recipient of the USOC General MacArthur Medal; Two-time All-American; Big Ten individual champion Ufer, Bob Sprints 1941-1944 2009 Yes Set world indoor record in 440 yard race; Three Big Ten individual championships Wilcher, Thomas Hurdles 1983-1987 2009 No One NCAA individual championship; One Big Ten individual championship; Three-time All-American Warhurst, Ron U-M Men's Head Coach-Cross Country 1974-2009 2015 No Men's Head Coach Track&Field 2000-2008 coached 11 NCAA Championship's; Won 7 'Big Ten' Team titles; 4 time 'Big Ten' Coach of the year Willis, Nicholas U-M Middle Distance runner 2003-2005 2015 No 2003 'Big Ten' Freshman of the year (Indoor&Outdoor); 6 time 'Big Ten' champion; 2005 Indoor Mile champion; 4 Time Olympian-(2004, 1908, 1912, 1916); 2008 Beijing Olympic Silver Medallist (1500m); 2016 Rio Olympic Bronze Medallist (1500m) NCAA individual event champions Michigan track and field athletes have won 43 NCAA individual event championships.[2] (All championships are outdoor unless otherwise noted.) 1922: Howard Hoffman – javelin 1922: John Landowski – pole vault 1923: James Brooker – pole vault 1923: DeHart Hubbard – long jump 1925: Philip Northrup – javelin 1925: Philip Northrup – pole vault 1925: DeHart Hubbard – long jump 1925: DeHart Hubbard – 100 m Dash 1926: Harry Hawkins – hammer throw 1926: Phillip Northrup – javelin 1928: Wilford Ketz – hammer throw 1930: Holly Campbell – hammer throw 1931: Eddie Tolan – 200-meter dash 1933: Roderick Cox – hammer throw 1936: Bob Osgood – 400-meter intermediate hurdles 1937: Sam Stoller – 100-meter dash 1940: Don Canham – high jump 1944: H. Ross Hume – 1500-meter run 1944: Robert H. Hume – 1500-meter run 1945: H. Ross Hume – 1500-meter run 1947: Charlie Fonville – shot put 1948: Charlie Fonville – shot put 1950: Don McEwen – two-mile run 1951: Don McEwen – two-mile run 1953: Milt Mead – high jump 1957: Dave Owen – shot put 1983: Brian Diemer – 300-meter steeplechase 1986: Thomas Wilcher – 55-meter hurdles 1988: John Scherer – 10,000-meter run 1989: John Scherer – 5,000-meter run 1989: John Scherer – 10,000-meter run 1995: Kevin Sullivan – mile run (indoor) 1995: Kevin Sullivan – 1500-meter run 1995: Kevin Sullivan, Trinity Townsend, Nick Karfonta, Ian Forsyth – distance medley relay (indoor) 1996: Neil Gardner – 400-meter intermediate hurdles 1996: Neil Gardner – 55-meter hurdles (indoor) 1998: Kevin Sullivan – mile run (indoor) 2003: Nate Brannen – 800-meter run (indoor) 2004: DarNell Talbert, Andrew Ellerton, Nick Willis, Nate Brannen – Distance Medley Relay (indoor) 2005: Nick Wills – mile run (indoor) 2005: Rondell Ruff, Stan Waithe, Andrew Ellerton, Nate Brannen – Distance Medley Relay (indoor) 2007: Jeff Porter – 60-meter hurdles (indoor) 2007: Andrew Ellerton – 800-meter run Michigan's Olympic medalists The following Michigan track and field athletes have won Olympic medals, including 14 gold medals.[3] 1900 Olympics John McLean – silver medal, 110-meter high hurdles John McLean – silver medal in the long jump (handicap event – not recognized as an official medal) Charles Dvorak – silver medal, pole vault (special event – not recognized as an official medal) Howard Hayes – silver medal, 800-meter race (handicap event – not recognized as an official medal) 1904 Olympics Archie Hahn – gold medal, 60-meter race Archie Hahn – gold medal, 100-meter race Archie Hahn – gold medal, 200-meter race Charles Dvorak – gold medal, pole vault Ralph Rose – gold medal, shot put Ralph Rose – silver medal, discus (tied for first with 128 feet, 10-1/2 inches, lost in throw-off) Ralph Rose – bronze medal, hammer throw Fred Schule – gold medal, 110-meter high hurdles Wesley Coe – silver medal, shot put 1906 Olympics Archie Hahn, gold medal, 100-meter race 1908 Olympics Gayle Dull training on board ship headed for 1908 Olympics Ralph Rose – gold medal, shot put John Garrels – silver medal, 110-meter high hurdles John Garrells – bronze medal, shot put Gayle Dull – U.S. silver medal, 3-mile team (Dull placed 10th overall and did not contribute to U.S. team score) 1912 Olympics Ralph Craig – gold medal, 100-meter race Ralph Craig – gold medal, 200-meter race Ralph Rose – silver medal, shot put Ralph Rose – gold medal, two-handed shot put 1920 Olympics Carl Johnson – silver medal, long jump 1924 Olympics DeHart Hubbard – gold medal, long jump (first African-American to win an individual gold medal in the Olympics) James Brooker – bronze medal, pole vault 1928 Olympics Ken Doherty – bronze medal, decathlon 1932 Olympics Eddie Tolan – gold medal, 100-meter race Eddie Tolan – gold medal, 200-meter race 1936 Olympics Sam Stoller – pulled from the gold medal-winning 4x100 meter relay team; controversy ensued over allegations that Stoller, who was Jewish, was pulled to appease the Olympic hosts 1960 Summer Olympics Eeles Landström – bronze medal, pole vault (competing for Finland) The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, U of M, UMich, or Michigan) is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Founded in 1817 in Detroit, as the Catholepistemiad, or the University of Michigania, 20 years before the territory became a state, the university is Michigan's oldest. The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres (16 ha) of what is now known as Central Campus. Since its establishment in Ann Arbor, the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 780 acres (3.2 km2) spread out over Central Campus and North Campus, two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn, and a Center in Detroit. The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities. Michigan has been called a Public Ivy, and has ranked among the best public universities in the United States by major college and university rankings.[10][11][12] This includes one ranking that has Michigan as the top public university in the United States in 2021.[13] The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".[14] Michigan offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) as well as professional degrees in architecture, business, medicine, law, pharmacy, nursing, social work, public health, and dentistry. At over $12.4 billion in 2019, Michigan's endowment is among the largest of any university. As of October 2019, 53 MacArthur "genius award" winners (29 alumni winners and 24 faculty winners), 26 Nobel Prize winners, 6 Turing Award winners, 1 Fields Medalist and 1 Mitchell Scholar have been affiliated with the University of Michigan. Its alumni include eight heads of state or government, including President of the United States Gerald Ford; 38 cabinet-level officials; and 26 living billionaires.[15] It also is a leading producer of Fulbright Scholars and MacArthur Fellows.[16] Michigan's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines. They are members of the Big Ten Conference. More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events,[17] and alumni have won 144 Olympic medals.[18] Contents 1 History 2 Campus 2.1 Central Campus 2.2 North Campus 2.3 South Campus 3 Organization and administration 3.1 Endowment 3.2 Student government 4 Academics 4.1 Rankings and reputation 4.2 Research 5 Student body 5.1 Admissions 5.2 Enrollment 6 Student life 6.1 Residential life 6.2 Groups and activities 6.3 Media and publications 7 Athletics 7.1 Football 7.2 Men's ice hockey 7.3 Men's basketball 7.4 Other sports 7.5 In the Olympics 8 Traditions 8.1 School colors 8.2 Fight songs and chants 9 Alumni 10 References 10.1 Specific 10.2 General 11 External links History Main article: History of the University of Michigan Painting of a rolling green landscape with trees with a row of white buildings in the background University of Michigan (1855) Jasper Francis Cropsey The University of Michigan was established in Detroit on August 26, 1817,[1] as the Catholepistemiad, or the University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. Judge Augustus B. Woodward specifically invited The Rev. John Monteith and Father Gabriel Richard, a Catholic priest, to establish the institution. Monteith became its first president and held seven of the professorships, and Richard was vice president and held the other six professorships. Concurrently, Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres (16 ha) in the hopes of being selected as the state capital. But when Lansing was chosen as the state capital, the city offered the land for a university. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to Governor Stevens T. Mason. The original 40 acres (16 ha) was the basis of the present Central Campus.[19] This land was once inhabited by the Ojibwe (Chippewa), Odawa (Ottawa), and Bodewadimi (Potawatomi) Native tribes and was obtained through the Treaty of Fort Meigs.[20] In 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845.[21] By 1866, enrollment had increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans. Women were first admitted in 1870,[22] although Alice Robinson Boise Wood had become the first woman to attend classes (without matriculating) in 1866–7.[23] James Burrill Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, aggressively expanded U-M's curriculum to include professional studies in dentistry, architecture, engineering, government, and medicine. U-M also became the first American university to use the seminar method of study.[24] Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and the first Puerto Rican to get a university degree in the United States. He returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government.[citation needed] The University of Michigan was involved with the building of the Philippine education, legal, public health systems during the era of the American colonization of the Philippines through the efforts of Michigan alumni that included Dean Conant Worcester and George A. Malcolm. Early on, colonial government officials highlighted the importance of increasing the number of teachers and primary schools in the country. President McKinley appointed teachers from various universities, tasking them with building the foundations of the Philippine education system under American control. The first wave of these men sailed from San Francisco to Manila on the Thomas, also known as the “Thomasites.” Of the nearly 500 who came to the Philippines in this group, the delegation from the University of Michigan was the second largest group of teachers who arrived.[25] The Thomasites were instrumental in the proliferation of schools and mass enrollment of students in the Philippines. Ten years following their arrival, 4,000 schools were established, and by 1920, elementary enrollment was approaching one million and high school enrollment was at 17,335.[25] From 1900 to 1920, the university constructed many new facilities, including buildings for the dental and pharmacy programs, chemistry, natural sciences, Hill Auditorium, large hospital and library complexes, and two residence halls. In 1920, the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed an advisory committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a favored choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s, when the Ivy League schools had quotas restricting the number of Jews to be admitted.[26] Because of its high standards, U-M gained the nickname "Harvard of the West."[27] During World War II, U-M's research supported military efforts, such as U.S. Navy projects in proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming.[citation needed] After the war, enrollment expanded rapidly and by 1950, it reached 21,000, of which more than one third (or 7,700) were veterans supported by the G.I. Bill. As the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M received numerous government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy. Much of that work, as well as research into alternative energy sources, is pursued via the Memorial Phoenix Project.[28] In the 1960 Presidential campaign, U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy jokingly referred to himself as "a graduate of the Michigan of the East, Harvard University" in his speech proposing the formation of the Peace Corps speaking to a crowd from the front steps of the Michigan Union.[27] Red brick plaza, surrounded by trees with green leaves, with two white tents and an American flag flying from a flagpole in the center The Central Campus Diag, viewed from the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library, looking North Lyndon B. Johnson gave his speech outlining his Great Society program as the lead speaker during the University of Michigan's 1964 spring commencement ceremony.[21] During the 1960s, the university campus was the site of numerous protests against the Vietnam War and university administration. On March 24, 1965, a group of U-M faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first-ever faculty-led "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia.[29][30][31] In response to a series of sit-ins in 1966 by Voice, the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society, U-M's administration banned sit-ins. In response, 1,500 students participated in a one-hour sit-in inside the Administration Building, now known as the LSA Building. In April 1968, following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., a group of several dozen black students occupied the Administration Building to demand that the university make public its three-year-old commitment as a federal contractor to affirmative action and to increase its efforts with respect to recruiting more African American students, faculty and staff. At that time there were no African American coaches, for instance, in the Intercollegiate Athletics Department. The occupation was ended by agreement after seven hours.[citation needed] Former U-M student and noted architect Alden B. Dow designed the current Fleming Administration Building, which was completed in 1968. The building's plans were drawn in the early 1960s, before student activism prompted a concern for safety. But the Fleming Building's fortress-like narrow windows, all located above the first floor, and lack of exterior detail at ground level, led to a campus rumor that it was designed to be riot-proof. Dow denied those rumors, claiming the small windows were designed to be energy efficient.[32] During the 1970s, severe budget constraints slowed the university's physical development; but in the 1980s, the university received increased grants for research in the social and physical sciences. The university's involvement in the anti-missile Strategic Defense Initiative and investments in South Africa caused controversy on campus.[33][34] During the 1980s and 1990s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. In its 2011 annual financial report, the university announced that it had dedicated $497 million per year in each of the prior 10 years to renovate buildings and infrastructure around the campus. The university also emphasized the development of computer and information technology throughout the campus.[citation needed] In the early 2000s, U-M faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. At the same time, the university attempted to maintain its high academic standing while keeping tuition costs affordable. There were disputes between U-M's administration and labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization (LEO) and the Graduate Employees Organization (GEO), the union representing graduate student employees. These conflicts led to a series of one-day walkouts by the unions and their supporters.[35] At the same time, the university was engaged in a $2.5 billion construction campaign after an eight-year capital campaign raised $3.11 billion, at the time a record for a US public university.[36] Law Library Law Library Interior In 2003, two lawsuits involving U-M's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger). President George W. Bush publicly opposed the policy before the court issued a ruling.[37] The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding, but it ruled that a point system was unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy.[citation needed] The debate continued because in November 2006, Michigan voters passed Proposal 2, banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law, race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.[38] U-M and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the law soon after that referendum. This allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the initiative results. In April 2014, the Supreme Court ruled in Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action that Proposal 2 did not violate the U.S. Constitution. The admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors, such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.[38] On May 1, 2014, University of Michigan was named one of 55 higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints." President Barack Obama's White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault was organized for such investigations.[39] The University of Michigan's acceptance rate was 22.7% in 2019.[40] The rate of new freshman enrollment has been fairly stable since 2010.[citation needed] Campus The Ann Arbor campus is divided into four main areas: the North, Central, Medical, and South campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 500 major buildings,[41] with a combined area of more than 37.48 million square feet (860 acres; 3.482 km2).[42] The Central and South Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the Huron River.[43] There is also leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. An East Medical Campus was developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery.[44] In addition to the U-M Golf Course on South Campus, the university operates a second golf course on Geddes Road called Radrick Farms Golf Course. The golf course is only open to faculty, staff and alumni.[45] Another off-campus facility is the Inglis House, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the Board of Regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.[46] The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor.[47] All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.[48] Central Campus Red brick building with white stone facade. A tall white-colored stone clock tower with a green roof is in the background Hill Auditorium and Burton Memorial Tower Central Campus was the original location of U-M when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on 40 acres (16 ha) of land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The President's House, located on South University Avenue, is the oldest building on campus as well as the only surviving building from the original 40-acre (16 ha) campus.[19] Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between the city and university, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings.[49] Residence halls located on Central Campus are split up into two groups: the Hill Neighborhood and Central Campus.[50] Central Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the Ross School of Business, the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, the Law School and the School of Dentistry, are on Central Campus. Two prominent libraries, the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library (which are connected by a skywalk), are also on Central Campus.[51] as well as museums housing collections in archaeology, anthropology, paleontology, zoology, dentistry and art. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect Albert Kahn between 1904 and 1936. The most notable of the Kahn-designed buildings are the Burton Memorial Tower and nearby Hill Auditorium.[52] North Campus Students learn pole climbing in course for telephone electricians, c. 1918 North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of farmland—approximately 800 acres (3.2 km2)—that the university bought in 1952.[53] It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more modern architecture, whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or Collegiate Gothic in style. The architect Eero Saarinen, based in Birmingham, Michigan, created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.[54] North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. Each of the bell towers houses a grand carillon. The North Campus tower is called Lurie Tower.[55] The University of Michigan's largest residence hall, Bursley Hall, is located on North Campus.[50] North Campus houses the College of Engineering, the School of Music, Theatre & Dance, the Stamps School of Art & Design, the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and an annex of the School of Information.[56] The campus is served by the Duderstadt Center, which houses the Art, Architecture and Engineering Library. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio, a video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room.[57] Other libraries located on North Campus include the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and the Bentley Historical Library. South Campus South Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities such as Michigan Stadium, Crisler Center, and Yost Ice Arena. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility, Revelli Hall, home of the Michigan Marching Band, the Institute for Continuing Legal Education,[58] and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups.[59] The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus.[58] U-M's golf course is located south of Michigan Stadium and Crisler Arena. It was designed in the late 1920s by Alister MacKenzie, the designer of Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, home of the Masters Tournament.[60] The course opened to the public in the spring of 1931. The University of Michigan Golf Course was included in a listing of top holes designed by what Sports Illustrated calls "golf's greatest course architect". The U-M Golf Course's signature No. 6 hole—a 310-yard (280 m) par 4, which plays from an elevated tee to a two-tiered, kidney-shaped green protected by four bunkers—is the second hole on the Alister MacKenzie Dream 18 as selected by a five-person panel that includes three-time Masters champion Nick Faldo and golf course architect Tom Doak. The listing of "the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie" is featured in SI's Golf Plus special edition previewing the Masters on April 4, 2006.[61] Organization and administration See also: President of the University of Michigan and Board of Regents of the University of Michigan College/school founding[62] College/school Year founded College of Literature, Science, and the Arts 1841 School of Medicine 1850 College of Engineering 1854 School of Law 1859 School of Dentistry 1875 School of Pharmacy 1876 School of Music, Theatre & Dance 1880 School of Nursing 1893 A. Alfred Taubman College of Architecture & Urban Planning 1906 Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies 1912 Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy 1914 School of Education 1921 Stephen M. Ross School of Business 1924 School for Environment and Sustainability 1927 School of Public Health 1941 School of Social Work 1951 School of Information 1969 Penny W. Stamps School of Art & Design 1974 School of Kinesiology 1984 The University of Michigan consists of a flagship campus in Ann Arbor, with two regional campuses in Dearborn and Flint. The Board of Regents, which governs the university and was established by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837, consists of eight members elected at large in biennial state elections[63] for overlapping eight-year terms.[64][65] Between the establishment of the University of Michigan in 1837 and 1850, the Board of Regents ran the university directly; although they were, by law, supposed to appoint a Chancellor to administer the university, they never did. Instead, a rotating roster of professors carried out the day-to-day administration duties.[66] The President of the University of Michigan is the principal executive officer of the university. The office was created by the Michigan Constitution of 1850, which also specified that the president was to be appointed by the Regents of the University of Michigan and preside at their meetings, but without a vote.[67] Today, the president's office is at the Ann Arbor campus, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's House, the university's oldest building, located on Central Campus in Ann Arbor.[68] Mark Schlissel is the 14th and current president of the university and has served since July 2014. There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges.[69] By enrollment, the three largest undergraduate units are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, and the Ross School of Business.[70] At the graduate level, the Rackham Graduate School serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university.[71] There are 18 graduate schools and colleges, the largest of which are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, the Law School, and the Ross School of Business. Professional degrees are conferred by the Schools of Architecture, Public Health, Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Urban Planning and Pharmacy.[70] The Medical School is partnered with the University of Michigan Health System, which comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education.[citation needed] Endowment As of 2019, U-M's financial endowment (the "University Endowment Fund") was valued at $12.4 billion.[72] The endowment is primarily used according to the donors' wishes, which include the support of teaching and research. In mid-2000, U-M embarked on a fund-raising campaign called "The Michigan Difference", which aimed to raise $2.5 billion, with $800 million designated for the permanent endowment.[73] Slated to run through December 2008, the university announced that the campaign had reached its target 19 months early in May 2007.[74] Ultimately, the campaign raised $3.2 billion over 8 years. Over the course of the capital campaign, 191 additional professorships were endowed, bringing the university total to 471 as of 2009.[75] Like nearly all colleges and universities, U-M suffered significant realized and unrealized losses in its endowment during the second half of 2008. In February 2009, a university spokesperson estimated losses of between 20 and 30 percent.[76] In November 2013, the university launched the "Victors for Michigan" campaign with a $4 billion goal.[77][78] In 2017, the university announced that the campaign had met the goal 18 months ahead of schedule. In 2018, the university announced that the original $4 billion campaign had exceeded its goal by raising $5 billion from 382,000 donors.[79] Student government White-colored stone building with columns in the center of the facade Central Campus: Angell Hall, one of the notable buildings of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts Housed in the Michigan Union, the Central Student Government (CSG) is the central student government of the University. With representatives from each of the University's colleges and schools, including graduate students, CSG represents students and manages student funds on the campus. CSG is a 501(c)(3) organization, independent from the University of Michigan.[80] In recent years CSG has organized Airbus, a transportation service between campus and the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, and has led the university's efforts to register its student population to vote, with its Voice Your Vote Commission (VYV) registering 10,000 students in 2004. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout.[81] CSG was successful at reviving Homecoming activities, including a carnival and parade, for students after a roughly eleven-year absence in October 2007,[82] and during the 2013–14 school year, was instrumental in persuading the University to rescind an unpopular change in student football seating policy at Michigan Stadium.[83] In 2017, CSG successfully petitioned the Ann Arbor City Council to create a Student Advisory Council to give student input into Ann Arbor city affairs.[84] There are student governance bodies in each college and school, independent of Central Student Government. Undergraduate students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government (LSA SG).[85] Engineering Student Government (ESG) manages undergraduate student government affairs for the College of Engineering. Graduate students enrolled in the Rackham Graduate School are represented by the Rackham Student Government (RSG), and law students are represented by the Law School Student Senate (LSSS) as is each other college with its own respective government. In addition, the students who live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan Residence Halls Association (RHA), which contains the third most constituents after CSG and LSA SG.[86] A longstanding goal of the student government is to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body.[87] Such a designation would achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the statewide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett.[88] Although none of these campaigns has been successful, a poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them.[87] A change to the board's makeup would require amending the Michigan Constitution.[89] Academics Rankings and reputation University rankings National ARWU[90] 17 Forbes[91] 20 THE/WSJ[92] 23 U.S. News & World Report[93] 24 Washington Monthly[94] 29 Global ARWU[95] 22 QS[96] 21 THE[97] 22 U.S. News & World Report[98] 17 USNWR graduate school rankings[99] Business 12 Education 8 Engineering 4 Law 9 Medicine: Primary Care 5 Medicine: Research 15 Nursing: Doctorate 13 Nursing: Master's 9 Pharmacy 3 USNWR departmental rankings[99] Biological Sciences 23 Chemistry 15 Clinical Psychology 10 Computer Science 11 Earth Sciences 10 Economics 12 English 8 Fine Arts 8 Health Care Management 3 History 6 Library and Information Studies 5 Mathematics 12 Nursing–Midwifery 2 Pharmacy 3 Physics 13 Political Science 4 Psychology 3 Public Affairs 8 Public Health 5 Social Work 1 Sociology 1 Statistics 11 The University of Michigan is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.[100][101][102] The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate programs. The university has "very high" research activity and the comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.[100] U-M has been included on Richard Moll's list of Public Ivies.[103] With over 200 undergraduate majors, and 100 doctoral and 90 master's programs,[104] U-M has conferred 6,490 undergraduate degrees, 4,951 graduate degrees, and 709 first professional degrees in 2011–2012.[105] The 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges report ranked Michigan 3rd among public universities in the United States.[106] Michigan was ranked 6th in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs Rankings.[107] Michigan was ranked 3rd in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Business Programs Rankings.[108] The 2020 Princeton Review College Hopes & Worries Survey ranked Michigan as the No. 9 "Dream College" among students and the No. 7 "Dream College" among parents.[109] National honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at U-M.[110] Degrees "with Highest Distinction" are recommended to students who rank in the top 3% of their class, "with High Distinction" to the next 7%, and "with Distinction" to the next 15%. Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3.4 who have demonstrated high academic achievement and capacity for independent work may be recommended for a degree "with Highest Honors," "with High Honors," or "with Honors."[110] Those students who earn all A's for two or more consecutive terms in a calendar year are recognized as James B. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements.[110] Out-of-state undergraduate students pay between $36,001.38 and $43,063.38 annually for tuition while in-state undergraduate students pay between $11,837.38 and $16,363.38 annually.[111] U-M provides financial aid in the form of need-based loans, grants, scholarships, work study, and non-need based scholarships, with 77% of undergraduates in 2007 receiving financial aid.[112][113] For undergraduates in 2008, 46% graduated averaging approximately $25,586 of debt.[113] The university is attempting to increase financial aid availability to students by devoting over $1.53 billion in endowment funds to support financial aid.[114][115][116] Research See also: List of University of Michigan faculty and staff Michigan is one of the founding members (1900) of the Association of American Universities. With over 6,200 faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the National Academy and 471 of whom hold an endowed chair in their discipline,[117] the university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States. According to the National Science Foundation, Michigan spent $1.6 billion on research and development in 2018, ranking it 2nd in the nation.[118] This figure totaled over $1 billion in 2009.[119] The Medical School spent the most at over $445 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $160 million.[119] U-M also has a technology transfer office, which is the university conduit between laboratory research and corporate commercialization interests. In 2009, the university signed an agreement to purchase a facility formerly owned by Pfizer. The acquisition includes over 170 acres (0.69 km2) of property, and 30 major buildings comprising roughly 1,600,000 square feet (150,000 m2) of wet laboratory space, and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of administrative space. At the time of the agreement, the university's intentions for the space were not set, but the expectation was that the new space would allow the university to ramp up its research and ultimately employ in excess of 2,000 people.[120] A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Science Research Building at the U-M Medical School The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the EKG[121] and the gastroscope.[122] The university's 13,000-acre (53 km2) biological station in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan is one of only 47 Biosphere Reserves in the United States.[123] In the mid-1960s U-M researchers worked with IBM to develop a new virtual memory architectural model[124] that became part of IBM's Model 360/67 mainframe computer (the 360/67 was initially dubbed the 360/65M where the "M" stood for Michigan).[125] The Michigan Terminal System (MTS), an early time-sharing computer operating system developed at U-M, was the first system outside of IBM to use the 360/67's virtual memory features.[126] U-M is home to the National Election Studies and the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index. The Correlates of War project, also located at U-M, is an accumulation of scientific knowledge about war. The university is also home to major research centers in optics, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, wireless integrated microsystems, and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Life Sciences Institute are located at the university. The Institute for Social Research (ISR), the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences,[127] is home to the Survey Research Center, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Center for Political Studies, Population Studies Center, and Inter-Consortium for Political and Social Research. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.[128] The U-M library system comprises nineteen individual libraries with twenty-four separate collections—roughly 13.3 million volumes.[129] U-M was the original home of the JSTOR database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics, and has initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with Google.[130] The University of Michigan Press is also a part of the U-M library system. In the late 1960s U-M, together with Michigan State University and Wayne State University, founded the Merit Network, one of the first university computer networks.[131] The Merit Network was then and remains today administratively hosted by U-M. Another major contribution took place in 1987 when a proposal submitted by the Merit Network together with its partners IBM, MCI, and the State of Michigan won a national competition to upgrade and expand the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) backbone from 56,000 to 1.5 million, and later to 45 million bits per second.[132] In 2006, U-M joined with Michigan State University and Wayne State University to create the University Research Corridor. This effort was undertaken to highlight the capabilities of the state's three leading research institutions and drive the transformation of Michigan's economy.[133] The three universities are electronically interconnected via the Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR, pronounced 'MY-lar'), a high-speed data network providing 10 Gbit/s connections between the three university campuses and other national and international network connection points in Chicago.[134] Student body Admissions Admissions statistics For first-years enrolling in 2019,[135][136] with comparison to 2014 Admit rate 22.9%(Positive decrease −9.3) Yield rate 45.9%(Increase +5.4) Test scores middle 50% SAT EBRW 660–740 SAT Math 680–790 ACT Composite 31–34 High school GPA Average 3.88(Increase +0.02) Admissions are highly competitive, with a 2020 freshman admit rate of 26.1%.[137] In recent years, annual numbers of applications for freshman admission have exceeded 65,000. Around 15,000 students are admitted annually, with a target freshman class of more than 6,000 students.[137] Students come from all 50 U.S. states and nearly 100 countries.[137] In academic year 2019–20 full-time undergraduate students made up about 97 percent of the student body, with a first-time student retention rate of almost 97 percent.[135] Enrollment In Fall 2016, the university had an enrollment of 44,718 students: 28,983 undergraduate students, 12,565 graduate students and 2,665 first professional students[7][70] in a total of 600 academic programs. Of all students, 37,954 (84.9%) are U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 6,764 (15.1%) are international students.[7] Demographics of student body (Fall 2018)[138][139] Undergraduate Graduate Michigan U.S. Census African American 4.24% 4.46% 14.1% 12.4% Asian American 14.63% 7.89% 2.3% 4.3% European American 58.24% 41.53% 79.6% 74.1% Hispanic American 6.3% 6.2% 3.9% 14.7% Native American 0.12% 0.16% 0.5% 0.8% International student 7.4% 33.9% N/A N/A In 2014, undergraduates were enrolled in 12 schools or colleges: About 61 percent in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts; 21 percent in the College of Engineering; 5.3 percent in the Ross School of Business; 3.3 percent in the School of Kinesiology; 2.7 percent in the School of Music, Theatre & Dance; and 2 percent in the School of Nursing. Small numbers of undergraduates were enrolled in the colleges or schools of Art & Design, Architecture & Urban Planning, Dentistry, Education, Pharmacy, and Public Policy.[70] In 2014, the School of Information opened to undergraduates, with the new Bachelor of Science in Information degree. Among undergraduates, 70 percent graduate with a bachelor's degree within four years, 86 percent graduate within five years and 88 percent graduating within six years.[140] Of the university's 12,714 non-professional graduate students, 5,367 are seeking academic doctorates and 6,821 are seeking master's degrees. The largest number of master's degree students are enrolled in the Ross School of Business (1,812 students seeking MBA or Master of Accounting degrees) and the College of Engineering (1,456 students seeking M.S. or M.Eng. degrees). The largest number of doctoral students are enrolled in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (2,076) and College of Engineering (1,496). While the majority of U-M's graduate degree-granting schools and colleges have both undergraduate and graduate students, a few schools only issue graduate degrees. Presently, the School of Natural Resources and Environment, School of Public Health, and School of Social Work only have graduate students.[70] In Fall 2014, 2,709 Michigan students were enrolled in U-M's professional schools: the School of Dentistry (628 students), Law School (1,047 students), Medical School (1,300 students), and College of Pharmacy (436 students).[70] Student life Residential life Main article: University of Michigan Housing Red brick facade with white stone fronts and angled roof North Quad Residence Hall The University of Michigan's campus housing system can accommodate approximately 10,000 students, or nearly 25 percent of the total student population at the university.[141] The residence halls are located in three distinct geographic areas on campus: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,270 students,[142] while the smallest accommodates 25 residents.[143] A majority of upper-division and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and cooperatives, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas. The residential system has a number of "living-learning communities" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research through the Michigan Research and Discovery Scholars, medical sciences, community service and the German language.[144] The Michigan Research and Discovery Scholars and the Women in Science and Engineering Residence Program are housed in Mosher-Jordan Hall. The Residential College (RC), a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, also has its principal instructional space in East Quad. The Michigan Community Scholars Program, dedicated to civic engagement, community service learning and intercultural understanding and dialogue, is located in West Quad.[145] The Lloyd Hall Scholars Program (LHSP) is located in Alice Lloyd Hall. The Health Sciences Scholars Program (HSSP) is located in Couzens Hall. The North Quad complex houses two additional living-learning communities: the Global Scholars Program[146] and the Max Kade German Program.[147] It is "technology-rich," and houses communication-related programs, including the School of Information, the Department of Communication Studies, and the Department of Screen Arts and Cultures.[148][149] North Quad is also home to services such as the Language Resource Center and the Sweetland Center for Writing.[150] The residential system also has a number of "theme communities" where students have the opportunity to be surrounded by students in a residential hall who share similar interests. These communities focus on global leadership, the college transition experience, and internationalism.[151] The Adelia Cheever Program is housed in the Helen Newberry House.[152] The First Year Experience is housed in the Baits II Houses and Markley Hall along with portions of all other buildings with the exception of North Quad, Northwood, and Stockwell Hall.[153] The Sophomore Experience is housed in Stockwell Hall and the Transfer Year Experience is housed in Northwood III.[154][155] The newly organized International Impact program is housed in North Quad.[156] Groups and activities Red brick building with large windows, tall central tower, and green ivy growing on the facade Michigan Union on Central Campus The university lists 1,438 student organizations.[157] With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as civil rights and labor rights, such as local chapters of Students for a Democratic Society and United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS). The latter group seeks to hold accountable multinational companies that exploit their workers in factories around the world where college apparel is produced. Although the student body generally leans toward left-wing politics,[158] there are also conservative groups, such as Young Americans for Freedom, and non-partisan groups, such as the Roosevelt Institute. The university's Spectrum Center is the oldest collegiate LGBT student center in the U.S.[159] There are also several engineering projects teams, including the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, which has placed first in the North American Solar Challenge six times and third in the World Solar Challenge four times.[160] Michigan Interactive Investments, the TAMID Israel Investment Group, and the Michigan Economics Society[161] are also affiliated with the university. The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children, Dance Marathon at the University of Michigan,[162] The Detroit Partnership, Relay For Life, U-M Stars for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, InnoWorks at the University of Michigan, SERVE, Letters to Success, PROVIDES, Circle K, Habitat for Humanity,[163] and Ann Arbor Reaching Out. Intramural sports are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.[164] Fraternities and sororities play a role in the university's social life; approximately 17% of undergraduates are involved in Greek life. Membership numbers for the 2009–2010 school year reached the highest in the last two decades. Four different Greek councils—the Interfraternity Council, Multicultural Greek Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, and Panhellenic Association—represent most Greek organizations. Each council has a different recruitment process.[165] The Michigan Union and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.[166] The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 14 committees.[167] Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus. The Michigan Marching Band, composed of more than 350 students from almost all of U-M's schools,[168] is the university's marching band. Over 100 years old,[169] the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led University of Michigan Pops Orchestra is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the Michigan Theater. The University of Michigan Men's Glee Club, founded in 1859 and the second oldest such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over 100 members.[170] Its eight-member subset a cappella group, the University of Michigan Friars, which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.[171] The University of Michigan is also home to over twenty other a cappella groups, including Amazin' Blue, The Michigan G-Men, and Compulsive Lyres, all of which have competed at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) finals in New York City. Compulsive Lyres are the first and only group from Michigan to claim an ICCA title, having won in 2002.[172] The Michigan G-Men are one of only six groups in the country to compete at ICCA finals four times, one of only two TTBB ensembles to do so, and placed third at the competition in 2015.[173] Amazin' Blue placed fourth at ICCA finals in 2017. In 2020, The A Cappella Archive ranked The Michigan G-Men and Amazin' Blue at #7 and #13, respectively, out of all groups that have ever competed in ICCA.[174] The University of Michigan also encourages many cultural and ethnic student organizations on campus. There are currently over 317 organizations under this category.[175] There are organizations for almost every culture from the Arab Student Association to Persian Student Association[176] to African Students Association[177] to even the Egyptian Student Association.[178] These organizations hope to promote various aspects of their culture along with raising political and social awareness around campus by hosting an assortment of events throughout the school year. These clubs also help students make this large University into a smaller community to help find people with similar interests and backgrounds. Media and publications The student newspaper is The Michigan Daily, founded in 1890 and editorially and financially independent of the university. The Daily is published five days a week during academic year, and weekly from May to August. Other student publications at the university include the conservative The Michigan Review and the progressive Michigan Independent. The humor publication Gargoyle Humor Magazine is also published by Michigan students. WCBN-FM (88.3 FM) is the student-run college radio station which plays in freeform format. WOLV-TV is the student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system. WJJX was previously the school's student-run radio station. A carrier current station, it was launched in 1953.[179] In 1987, a DJ on WJJX attracted controversy by allowing racist jokes to air on his program.[180][181] The station was shut down for a month following the incident.[180] It was shut down permanently in the 1990s. Several academic journals are published at the university: The Law School publishes the well-regarded Michigan Law Review and six other law journals: The Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Michigan Journal of Race & Law, Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, Michigan Journal of International Law, and Michigan Journal of Gender and Law.[182] The Ross School of Business publishes the Michigan Journal of Business. Several undergraduate journals are also published at the university, including the Michigan Journal of Political Science, Michigan Journal of History, University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal, the Michigan Journal of International Affairs, and the Michigan Journal of Asian Studies. Athletics Main article: Michigan Wolverines Crowded stadium with yellow-colored "Michigan" written on a green field A football game at Michigan Stadium The University of Michigan's sports teams are called the Wolverines. They participate in the NCAA's Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) and in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except women's water polo, which is a member of the Collegiate Water Polo Association. U-M boasts 27 varsity sports, including 13 men's teams and 14 women's teams.[183] In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, U-M has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. U-M has finished in the top 10 of the Directors' Cup standings in 14 of the award's 16 seasons and has placed in the top six in nine of the last 10 seasons.[184] Football The Michigan football program ranks first in NCAA history in total wins (925 through the end of the 2015 season) and first among FBS schools in winning percentage (.731).[185] The team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902. U-M had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive bowl game appearances from 1975 to 2007.[186] The Wolverines have won a record 42 Big Ten championships. The program has 11 national championships, most recently in 1997,[187] and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners: Tom Harmon, Desmond Howard and Charles Woodson.[188] Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation and one of the largest football-only stadiums in the world, with an official capacity of 107,601[189] (the extra seat is said to be "reserved" for Fritz Crisler[190]) though attendance—frequently over 111,000 spectators—regularly exceeds the official capacity.[191] The NCAA's record-breaking attendance has become commonplace at Michigan Stadium, especially since the arrival of head coach Bo Schembechler. U-M has fierce rivalries with many teams, including Michigan State, Notre Dame, and Ohio State; ESPN has referred to the Michigan-Ohio State rivalry as the greatest rivalry in American sports.[192] U-M also has all-time winning records against Michigan State, Notre Dame, and Ohio State.[193] Men's ice hockey The men's ice hockey team, which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won nine national championships.[194] Men's basketball The men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. The men's basketball program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program being placed on probation for a four-year period. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which the payments took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances.[195] The men's basketball team has most recently won back-to-back Big Ten Tournament Championships, against Wisconsin in 2017 and Purdue in 2018. Other sports The men's wrestling, men's gymnastics, and women's volleyball teams compete at the Cliff Keen Arena, dedicated and named after longtime wrestling coach Cliff Keen in 1990. U-M is also home to 29 men's and women's club sports teams, such as rugby, hockey, volleyball, boxing, soccer, and tennis. In the Olympics Through the 2008 Summer Olympics, 178 U-M students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in each Summer Olympic Games except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. U-M students have won a total of 151 Olympic medals: 72 golds, 39 silvers, and 40 bronzes.[196] Traditions School colors The University of Michigan school colors are maize and blue. Fight songs and chants The University of Michigan's fight song, "The Victors," was written by student Louis Elbel in 1898 following the last-minute football victory over the University of Chicago that won a league championship. The song was declared by John Philip Sousa as "the greatest college fight song ever written."[197] The song refers to the university as being "the Champions of the West." At the time, U-M was part of the Western Conference, which would later become the Big Ten Conference. Michigan was considered to be on the Western Frontier when it was founded in the old Northwest Territory. Although mainly used at sporting events, the Michigan fight song is often heard at other events as well. President Gerald Ford had it played by the United States Marine Band as his entrance anthem during his term as president from 1974 to 1977, in preference over the more traditional "Hail to the Chief",[198] and the Michigan Marching Band performed a slow-tempo variation of the fight song at his funeral.[199] The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's alma mater song is "The Yellow and Blue." A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!" which has a complementary short musical arrangement written by former students Joseph Carl, a sousaphonist, and Albert Ahronheim, a drum major.[200] Before "The Victors" was officially the University's fight song, the song "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight" was considered to be the school song.[201] After Michigan temporarily withdrew from the Western Conference in 1907, a new Michigan fight song "Varsity" was written in 1911 because the line "champions of the West" was no longer appropriate.[202] Alumni 1964 Summer Olympics Kent Bernard – bronze medal, 4x400 meter relay (competing for Trinidad and Tobago) 1984 Summer Olympics Brian Diemer – bronze medal, 3000-meter steeplechase 2008/2016 Summer Olympics Nick Willis -Silver medal, Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres (competing for New Zealand)-Bronze medal, Athletics at the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics-Men's 1500 metres (competing for New Zealand)
  • Region of Origin: US
  • Framing: Framed
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United States
  • Size Type/Largest Dimension: Large (Greater than 10")
  • Listed By: Dealer or Reseller
  • Date of Creation: 1890-1899
  • Subject: Figures & Portraits
  • Time Period Manufactured: Vintage & Antique (Pre-1940)
  • Original/Reprint: Original Print
  • Type: Photograph

PicClick Insights - c1890 ORIGINAL UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRACK TEAM VINTAGE PHOTO FRAMED WOLVERINE PicClick Exclusive

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