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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry (including naturalized Americans who are immigrants from specific regions in Asia and descendants of such immigrants).[3] Although this term had historically been used for all the indigenous peoples of the continent of Asia, the usage of the term "Asian" by the United States Census Bureau excludes people with ethnic origins in certain parts of Asia, such as West Asia, who are now categorized as Middle Eastern Americans.[4][5] The "Asian" census category includes people who indicate their race(s) on the census as "Asian" or reported entries such as "Chinese, Indian, Filipino, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Korean, Japanese, Malaysian, and Other Asian".[6] In 2018, Asian Americans comprised 5.4% of the U.S. population; including multiracial Asian Americans, that percentage increases to 6.5%.[7] In 2019, the estimated number of Asian Americans was 22.9 million.[8] Chinese, Indian, and Filipino Americans make up the largest share of the Asian American population with 5 million, 4.3 million, and 4 million people respectively. These numbers equal 23%, 20%, and 18% of the total Asian American population, or 1.5% and 1.2% of the total US population.[9] Although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-19th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s–1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States. After immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s–60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest-growing racial group in the United States.[10] Contents 1 Terminology 1.1 Census definition 1.2 Debates and criticism 2 Demographics 2.1 Language 2.2 Religion 2.2.1 Religious trends 3 History 3.1 Early immigration 3.2 Exclusion era 3.3 World War II 3.4 Postwar immigration 3.5 Asian American movement 4 Notable contributions 4.1 Arts and entertainment 4.2 Business 4.3 Government and politics 4.4 Journalism 4.5 Military 4.6 Science and technology 4.7 Sports 5 Cultural influence 5.1 Health and medicine 5.2 Education 6 Social and political issues 6.1 Media portrayal 6.2 Bamboo ceiling 6.3 Illegal immigration 6.4 Race-based violence 6.5 Racial stereotypes 6.6 Model minority 6.7 Social and economic disparities among Asian Americans 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Terminology As with other racial and ethnicity-based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the short history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were usually referred to as Yellow, Oriental, Asiatic, or Mongoloid.[11][12][13] Additionally, the American definition of 'Asian' originally included West Asian ethnic groups, particularly Turkish Americans, Armenian Americans, Assyrian Americans, Iranian Americans, Kurdish Americans, and certain Arab Americans, although in modern times, these groups are now considered Middle Eastern American.[14][5][15] The term Asian American was coined by historian Yuji Ichioka in 1968 during the founding of the Asian American Political Alliance,[16][17] and he is also credited with popularizing the term, which he meant to be used to frame a new "inter-ethnic-pan-Asian American self-defining political group".[11][18] Prior to being included in the "Asian" category in the 1980s, many Americans of South Asian descent usually classified themselves as Caucasian or other.[19] Changing patterns of immigration and an extensive period of exclusion of Asian immigrants have resulted in demographic changes that have in turn affected the formal and common understandings of what defines Asian American. For example, since the removal of restrictive "national origins" quotas in 1965, the Asian-American population has diversified greatly to include more of the peoples with ancestry from various parts of Asia.[20] Today, "Asian American" is the accepted term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research, although it is often shortened to Asian in common usage.[21] The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the U.S. Census Bureau definition, which includes all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.[6] This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many governmental classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs and measurements.[22] According to the Oxford English Dictionary, "Asian person" in the United States is most often thought of as a person of East Asian descent.[23][24] In vernacular usage, "Asian" is usually used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds.[25] This differs from the U.S. Census definition[6][26] and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, South or Southeast Asian descent to be "Asian".[27] Census definition In the US Census, people with origins or ancestry in the Far East, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent are classified as part of the Asian race;[28] while those with origins or ancestry in Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Afghans, etc.), Western Asia (Israelis, Turks, Persians, Kurds, Assyrians, Arabs, etc.), and the Caucasus (Georgians, Armenians, Azeris, etc.) are classified as "white" or "Middle Eastern".[4][29] As such, "Asian" and "African" ancestry are seen as racial categories only for the purpose of the Census, with the definition referring to ancestry from parts of the Asian and African continents outside of West Asia, North Africa, and Central Asia. In 1980 and before, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro.[30] Asian Americans had also been classified as "other".[31] In 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on "Asian or Pacific Islander".[32] By the 1990 census, "Asian or Pacific Islander (API)" was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory.[33] Beginning with the 2000 census, two separate categories were used: "Asian American" and "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander".[34] Debates and criticism See also: Racial classification of Indian Americans The definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts. Immigration status, citizenship (by birthright and by naturalization), acculturation, and language ability are some variables that are used to define American for various purposes and may vary in formal and everyday usage.[35] For example, restricting American to include only U.S. citizens conflicts with discussions of Asian American businesses, which generally refer both to citizen and non-citizen owners.[36] In a PBS interview from 2004, a panel of Asian American writers discussed how some groups include people of Middle Eastern descent in the Asian American category.[37] Asian American author Stewart Ikeda has noted, "The definition of 'Asian American' also frequently depends on who's asking, who's defining, in what context, and why... the possible definitions of 'Asian-Pacific American' are many, complex, and shifting... some scholars in Asian American Studies conferences suggest that Russians, Iranians, and Israelis all might fit the field's subject of study."[38] Jeff Yang, of The Wall Street Journal, writes that the panethnic definition of Asian American is a unique American construct, and as an identity is "in beta".[39] The majority of Asian Americans feel ambivalence about the term "Asian American" as a term by which to identify themselves.[40] Pyong Gap Min, a sociologist and Professor of Sociology at Queens College, has stated the term is merely political, used by Asian-American activists and further reinforced by the government. Beyond that, he feels that South Asians and East Asians do not have commonalities in "culture, physical characteristics, or pre-migrant historical experiences".[41] Scholars have grappled with the accuracy, correctness, and usefulness of the term Asian American. The term "Asian" in Asian American most often comes under fire for only encompassing some of the diverse peoples of Asia, and for being considered a racial category instead of a non-racial "ethnic" category. This is namely due to the categorization of the racially different South Asians and East Asians as part of the same "race".[22] Furthermore, some South Asian Americans find more cultural similarities with West Asians then East Asians, the former of whom are not considered "Asian" under the U.S census.[42] Scholars have also found it difficult to determine why Asian Americans are considered a "race" while Americans of Hispanic and Latino heritage are a non-racial "ethnic group", given how similarly, the category of Asian American comprises of people with diverse origins.[43] Though it has been argued that South Asians and East Asians can be "justifiably" grouped together because of Buddhism's origins in South Asia.[44] In contrast, leading social sciences and humanities scholars of race and Asian American identity point out that because of the racial constructions in the United States, including the social attitudes toward race and those of Asian ancestry, Asian Americans have a "shared racial experience."[45] Because of this shared experience, the term Asian American is argued as still being a useful panethnic category because of the similarity of some experiences among Asian Americans, including stereotypes specific to people in this category.[45] Despite this, others have stated that many Americans do not treat all Asian Americans equally, highlighting the fact that "Asian American" is generally synonymous with people of East Asian descent, thereby excluding people of Southeast Asian and South Asian origin.[46] Demographics Main article: Demographics of Asian Americans Asian American population percentage by state in 2010 Percentage of Asian American by county, 2010 Census The demographics of Asian Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who can trace their ancestry to one or more countries in East, South or Southeast Asia.[47] Because they compose 6% of the entire U.S. population, the diversity of the group is often disregarded in media and news discussions of "Asians" or of "Asian Americans."[48] While there are some commonalities across ethnic subgroups, there are significant differences among different Asian ethnicities that are related to each group's history.[49] The Asian American population is greatly urbanized, with nearly three-quarters of them living in metropolitan areas with population greater than 2.5 million.[50] As of July 2015, California had the largest population of Asian Americans of any state, and Hawaii was the only state where Asian Americans were the majority of the population.[51] The demographics of Asian Americans can further be subdivided into, as listed in alphabetical order: East Asian Americans, including Chinese Americans, Hong Kong Americans, Japanese Americans, Korean Americans, Mongolian Americans, Ryukyuan Americans, Taiwanese Americans and Tibetan Americans. South Asian Americans, including Bangladeshi Americans, Bhutanese Americans, Indian Americans (including Indo-Caribbean Americans and Indo-Fijian Americans), Maldivian Americans, Nepalese Americans, Pakistani Americans, and Sri Lankan Americans. Southeast Asian Americans, including Burmese Americans, Cambodian Americans, Filipino Americans, Hmong Americans, Indonesian Americans, Iu Mien Americans, Laotian Americans, Malaysian Americans, Singaporean Americans, Thai Americans and Vietnamese Americans. This grouping is by country of origin before immigration to the United States, and not necessarily by ethnicity, as for example (nonexclusive), Singaporean Americans may be of Chinese, Indian, or Malay descent. Asian Americans include multiracial or mixed race persons with origins or ancestry in both the above groups and another race, or multiple of the above groups. Language In 2010, there were 2.8 million people (5 and older) who spoke one of the Chinese languages at home;[52] after the Spanish language, it is the third most common language in the United States.[52] Other sizeable Asian languages are Tagalog, Vietnamese, and Korean, with all three having more than 1 million speakers in the United States.[52] In 2012, Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Texas and Washington were publishing election material in Asian languages in accordance with the Voting Rights Act;[53] these languages include Tagalog, Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese, Spanish,[54] Hindi and Bengali.[53] Election materials were also available in Gujarati, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, and Thai.[55] A 2013 poll found that 48 percent of Asian Americans considered media in their native language as their primary news source.[56] The 2000 Census found the more prominent languages of the Asian American community to include the Chinese languages (Cantonese, Taishanese, and Hokkien), Tagalog, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Hindi, Urdu, Telugu and Gujarati.[57] In 2008, the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tagalog, and Vietnamese languages are all used in elections in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, New York, Texas, and Washington state.[58] Religion A 2012 Pew Research Center study found the following breakdown of religious identity among Asian Americans:[59] 70% Christian 10% Unaffiliated with any religion 6% Buddhist 7% Hindu 2% Muslim 4% other religion 1% Sikh Religious trends The percentage of Christians among Asian Americans has sharply declined since the 1990s, chiefly as a result of large-scale immigration from countries in which Christianity is a minority religion (China and India in particular). In 1990, 63% of the Asian Americans identified as Christians, while in 2001 only 43% did.[60] This development has been accompanied by a rise in traditional Asian religions, with the people identifying with them doubling during the same decade.[61] History Main article: History of Asian Americans See also: Asian immigration to the United States Early immigration Five images of the Filipino settlement at Saint Malo, Louisiana Because Asian Americans or their ancestors immigrated to the United States from many different countries, each Asian American population has its own unique immigration history.[62] Filipinos have been in the territories that would become the United States since the 16th century.[63] In 1635, an "East Indian" is listed in Jamestown, Virginia;[64] preceding wider settlement of Indian immigrants on the East Coast in the 1790s and the West Coast in the 1800s.[65] In 1763, Filipinos established the small settlement of Saint Malo, Louisiana, after fleeing mistreatment aboard Spanish ships.[66] Since there were no Filipino women with them, these 'Manilamen', as they were known, married Cajun and Native American women.[67] The first Japanese person to come to the United States, and stay any significant period of time was Nakahama Manjirō who reached the East Coast in 1841, and Joseph Heco became the first Japanese American naturalized US citizen in 1858.[68] Chinese sailors first came to Hawaii in 1789,[69] a few years after Captain James Cook came upon the island. Many settled and married Hawaiian women. Most Chinese, Korean and Japanese immigrants in Hawaii or San Francisco arrived in the 19th century as laborers to work on sugar plantations or construction place.[70] There were thousands of Asians in Hawaii when it was annexed to the United States in 1898.[71] Later, Filipinos also came to work as laborers, attracted by the job opportunities, although they were limited.[72] Okinawans would start migrating to Hawaii in 1900.[73] Large-scale migration from Asia to the United States began when Chinese immigrants arrived on the West Coast in the mid-19th century.[74] Forming part of the California gold rush, these early Chinese immigrants participated intensively in the mining business and later in the construction of the transcontinental railroad. By 1852, the number of Chinese immigrants in San Francisco had jumped to more than 20,000. A wave of Japanese immigration to the United States began after the Meiji Restoration in 1868.[75] In 1898, all Filipinos in the Philippine Islands became American nationals when the United States took over colonial rule of the islands from Spain following the latter's defeat in the Spanish–American War.[76] Exclusion era Under United States law during this period, particularly the Naturalization Act of 1790, only "free white persons" were eligible to naturalize as American citizens. Ineligibility for citizenship prevented Asian immigrants from accessing a variety of rights, such as voting.[77] Bhicaji Balsara became the first known Indian-born person to gain naturalized U.S. citizenship.[78] Balsara's naturalization was not the norm but an exception; in a pair of cases, Ozawa v. United States (1922) and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923), the Supreme Court upheld the racial qualification for citizenship and ruled that Asians were not "white persons". Second-generation Asian Americans, however, could become U.S. citizens due to the birthright citizenship clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; this guarantee was confirmed as applying regardless of race or ancestry by the Supreme Court in United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898).[79] From the 1880s to the 1920s, the United States passed laws inaugurating an era of exclusion of Asian immigrants. Although the exact number of Asian immigrants was small compared to that of immigrants from other regions, much of it was concentrated in the West, and the increase caused some nativist sentiment which was known as the "yellow peril". Congress passed restrictive legislation which prohibited nearly all Chinese immigration to the United States in the 1880s.[80] Japanese immigration was sharply curtailed by a diplomatic agreement in 1907. The Asiatic Barred Zone Act in 1917 further barred immigration from nearly all of Asia, the "Asiatic Zone".[81] The Immigration Act of 1924 provided that no "alien ineligible for citizenship" could be admitted as an immigrant to the United States, consolidating the prohibition of Asian immigration.[82] World War II President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, resulting in the internment of Japanese Americans, among others. Over 100,000 people of Japanese descent, mostly on the West Coast, were forcibly removed, in an action later considered ineffective and racist. Postwar immigration World War II-era legislation and judicial rulings[which?] gradually increased the ability of Asian Americans to immigrate and become naturalized citizens. Immigration rapidly increased following the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 as well as the influx of refugees from conflicts occurring in Southeast Asia such as the Vietnam War. Asian American immigrants have a significant percentage of individuals who have already achieved professional status, a first among immigration groups.[83] The number of Asian immigrants to the United States "grew from 491,000 in 1960 to about 12.8 million in 2014, representing a 2,597 percent increase."[84] Asian Americans were the fastest-growing racial group between 2000 and 2010.[62][85] By 2012, more immigrants came from Asia than from Latin America.[86] In 2015, Pew Research Center found that from 2010 to 2015 more immigrants came from Asia than from Latin America, and that since 1965; Asians have made up a quarter of all immigrants to the United States.[87] Asians have made up an increasing proportion of the foreign-born Americans: "In 1960, Asians represented 5 percent of the U.S. foreign-born population; by 2014, their share grew to 30 percent of the nation's 42.4 million immigrants."[84] As of 2016, "Asia is the second-largest region of birth (after Latin America) of U.S. immigrants."[84] In 2013, China surpassed Mexico as the top single country of origin for immigrants to the U.S.[88] Asian immigrants "are more likely than the overall foreign-born population to be naturalized citizens"; in 2014, 59% of Asian immigrants had U.S. citizenship, compared to 47% of all immigrants.[84] Postwar Asian immigration to the U.S. has been diverse: in 2014, 31% of Asian immigrants to the U.S. were from East Asia (predominately China and Korea); 27.7% were from South Asia (predominately India); 32.6% were from Southeastern Asia (predominately the Philippines and Vietnam) and 8.3% were from Western Asia.[84] Asian American movement Main article: Asian American movement Awkwafina (right) with Ken Jeong Prior to the 1960s, Asian immigrants and their descendants had organized and agitated for social or political purposes according to their particular ethnicity: Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Korean, or Asian Indian. The Asian American movement (a term coined by historian and activist Yuji Ichioka) gathered all those groups into a coalition, recognizing that they shared common problems with racial discrimination and common opposition to American imperialism, particularly in Asia. The movement developed during the 1960s, inspired in part by the Civil Rights Movement and the protests against the Vietnam War. "Drawing influences from the Black Power and antiwar movements, the Asian American movement forged a coalitional politics that united Asians of varying ethnicities and declared solidarity with other Third World people in the United States and abroad. Segments of the movement struggled for community control of education, provided social services and defended affordable housing in Asian ghettoes, organized exploited workers, protested against U.S. imperialism, and built new multiethnic cultural institutions."[89] William Wei described the movement as "rooted in a past history of oppression and a present struggle for liberation."[90] The movement as such was most active during the 1960s and 1970s.[89] Increasingly Asian American students demanded university-level research and teaching into Asian history and the interaction with the United States. They supported multiculturalism but opposed affirmative action that amounted to an Asian quota on their admission.[91][92][93] Notable contributions For a more comprehensive list, see List of Asian Americans. Arts and entertainment Main article: Asian Americans in arts and entertainment See also: Asian American literature See also: American television series with Asian leads Constance Wu in August 2015 Patsy Mink entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1965 as the first non-white woman in either chamber of Congress. Kamala Harris, the daughter of an Indian immigrant, became the first Asian American Vice President of the United States. Sundar Pichai, the chief executive officer (CEO) of Alphabet Inc. and its subsidiary Google. Satya Nadella, current chief executive officer (CEO) and Chairman of Microsoft Kenneth P. Moritsugu was the first Asian-American Surgeon General of the US, under President George W. Bush. Asian Americans have been involved in the entertainment industry since the first half of the 19th century, when Chang and Eng Bunker (the original "Siamese Twins") became naturalized citizens.[94] Throughout the 20th century, acting roles in television, film, and theater were relatively few, and many available roles were for narrow, stereotypical characters. More recently, young Asian American comedians and film-makers have found an outlet on YouTube allowing them to gain a strong and loyal fanbase among their fellow Asian Americans.[95] There have been several Asian American-centric television shows in American media, beginning with Mr. T and Tina in 1976, and as recent as Fresh Off the Boat in 2015.[96] In the Pacific, American beatboxer of Hawaii Chinese descent Jason Tom co-founded the Human Beatbox Academy to perpetuate the art of beatboxing through outreach performances, speaking engagements and workshops in Honolulu, the westernmost and southernmost major U.S. city of the 50th U.S. state of Hawaii.[97][98][99][100][101][102] Business Wiki letter w.svg This section is missing information about the history of the subject. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (August 2009) When Asian Americans were largely excluded from labor markets in the 19th century, they started their own businesses. They have started convenience and grocery stores, professional offices such as medical and law practices, laundries, restaurants, beauty-related ventures, hi-tech companies, and many other kinds of enterprises, becoming very successful and influential in American society. They have dramatically expanded their involvement across the American economy. Asian Americans have been disproportionately successful in the hi-tech sectors of California's Silicon Valley, as evidenced by the Goldsea 100 Compilation of America's Most Successful Asian Entrepreneurs.[103] Compared to their population base, Asian Americans today are well represented in the professional sector and tend to earn higher wages.[104] The Goldsea compilation of Notable Asian American Professionals show that many have come to occupy high positions at leading U.S. corporations, including a disproportionately large number as Chief Marketing Officers.[105] Asian Americans have made major contributions to the American economy. In 2012, there were just under 486,000 Asian American-owned businesses in the U.S., which together employed more than 3.6 million workers, generating $707.6 billion in total receipts and sales, with annual payrolls of $112 billion. In 2015, Asian American and Pacific Islander households had $455.6 billion in spending power (comparable to the annual revenue of Walmart) and made tax contributions of $184.0 billion.[106] Fashion designer and mogul Vera Wang, who is famous for designing dresses for high-profile celebrities, started a clothing company, named after herself, which now offers a broad range of luxury fashion products. An Wang founded Wang Laboratories in June 1951. Amar Bose founded the Bose Corporation in 1964. Charles Wang founded Computer Associates, later became its CEO and chairman. Two brothers, David Khym and Kenny Khym founded hip hop fashion giant Southpole (clothing) in 1991. Jen-Hsun Huang co-founded the NVIDIA corporation in 1993. Jerry Yang co-founded Yahoo! Inc. in 1994 and became its CEO later. Andrea Jung serves as Chairman and CEO of Avon Products. Vinod Khosla was a founding CEO of Sun Microsystems and is a general partner of the prominent venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. Steve Chen and Jawed Karim were co-creators of YouTube, and were beneficiaries of Google's $1.65 billion acquisition of that company in 2006. In addition to contributing greatly to other fields, Asian Americans have made considerable contributions in science and technology in the United States, in such prominent innovative R&D regions as Silicon Valley and The Triangle. Government and politics Main article: Asian Americans in government and politics See also: Foreign relations of the United States § East Asia, Foreign relations of the United States § South Asia, and Foreign relations of the United States § Southeast Asia Asian Americans have a high level of political incorporation in terms of their actual voting population. Since 1907, Asian Americans have been active at the national level and have had multiple officeholders at local, state, and national levels. As more Asian Americans have been elected to public office, they have had a growing impact on foreign relations of the United States, immigration, international trade, and other topics.[107] The first Asian American to be elected to the United States Congress was Dalip Singh Saund in 1957. The highest ranked Asian American to serve in the United States Congress was Senator and President pro tempore Daniel Inouye, who died in office in 2012. There are several active Asian Americans in the United States Congress. With higher proportions and densities of Asian American populations, Hawaii has most consistently sent Asian Americans to the Senate, and Hawaii and California have most consistently sent Asian Americans to the House of Representatives. The first Asian American member of the U.S. cabinet was Norman Mineta, who served as Secretary of Commerce and then Secretary of Transportation in the George W. Bush administration. As of 2021, the highest ranked Asian American by order of precedence is Vice President Kamala Harris. Previously, the highest ranked Asian American was Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao (2017-2021), who had also been in the order of precedence as U.S. Secretary of Labor (2001-2009). There have been roughly "about a half-dozen viable Asian-American candidates" to ever run for president of the United States.[108] Senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii, the child of Chinese immigrants, was a "favorite son" candidate at the Republican National Conventions of 1964 and 1968.[109][110] In 1972, Representative Patsy T. Mink of Hawaii, a Japanese American, unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president.[111] Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal, the son of Indian immigrants, unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 2016.[112] Entrepreneur and nonprofit founder Andrew Yang, the son of Taiwanese immigrants, unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president in 2020.[108] In January 2021, Kamala Harris, the daughter of an Indian immigrant, became the first Asian American Vice President of the United States.[113] Journalism Connie Chung was one of the first Asian American national correspondents for a major TV news network, reporting for CBS in 1971. She later co-anchored the CBS Evening News from 1993 to 1995, becoming the first Asian American national news anchor.[114] At ABC, Ken Kashiwahara began reporting nationally in 1974. In 1989, Emil Guillermo, a Filipino American born reporter from San Francisco, became the first Asian American male to co-host a national news show when he was senior host at National Public Radio's All Things Considered. In 1990, Sheryl WuDunn, a foreign correspondent in the Beijing Bureau of The New York Times, became the first Asian American to win a Pulitzer Prize. Ann Curry joined NBC News as a reporter in 1990, later becoming prominently associated with The Today Show in 1997. Carol Lin is perhaps best known for being the first to break the news of 9-11 on CNN. Dr. Sanjay Gupta is currently CNN's chief health correspondent. Lisa Ling, a former co-host on The View, now provides special reports for CNN and The Oprah Winfrey Show, as well as hosting National Geographic Channel's Explorer. Fareed Zakaria, a naturalized Indian-born immigrant, is a prominent journalist and author specializing in international affairs. He is the editor-at-large of Time magazine, and the host of Fareed Zakaria GPS on CNN. Juju Chang, James Hatori, John Yang, Veronica De La Cruz, Michelle Malkin, Betty Nguyen, and Julie Chen have become familiar faces on television news. John Yang won a Peabody Award. Alex Tizon, a Seattle Times staff writer, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1997. Military Main article: Military history of Asian Americans See also: Notable Asian Americans in the military Since the War of 1812, Asian Americans have served and fought on behalf of the United States. Serving in both segregated and non-segregated units until the desegregation of the US Military in 1948, 31 have been awarded the nation's highest award for combat valor, the Medal of Honor. Twenty-one of these were conferred upon members of the mostly Japanese American 100th Infantry Battalion of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team of World War II, the most highly decorated unit of its size in the history of the United States Armed Forces.[115][116] The highest ranked Asian American military official was Secretary of Veteran Affairs, four-star general and Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki.[117] Science and technology Main article: Asian Americans in science and technology Asian Americans have made many notable contributions to Science and Technology. Sports Main article: Asian Americans in sports Asian Americans have contributed to sports in the United States through much of the 20th Century. Some of the most notable contributions include Olympic sports, but also in professional sports, particularly in the post-World War II years. As the Asian American population grew in the late 20th century, Asian American contributions expanded to more sports. Examples of female Asian American athletes include Michelle Kwan, Chloe Kim, Miki Gorman, Mirai Nagasu and Maia Shibutani.[118] Examples of male Asian American athletes include Jeremy Lin, Tiger Woods, Hines Ward, Richard Park and Nathan Adrian. Cultural influence In recognition of the unique culture, traditions, and history of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, the United States government has permanently designated the month of May to be Asian Pacific American Heritage Month.[119] Asian American parenting as seen through relationships between Chinese parents and adolescence, which is described as being more authoritarian and less warm than relations between European parents and adolescence, has become a topic of study and discussion.[120] These influences affect how parents regulate and monitor their children, and has been described as Tiger parenting, and has received interest and curiosity from non Chinese parents.[121] Health and medicine Origins of foreign professions in the US Country of origin Proportion of total in U.S. IMGs[122] IDGs[123] INGs[124] India 19.9% (47,581) 25.8% 1.3% Philippines 8.8% (20,861) 11.0% 50.2% Pakistan 4.8% (11,330) 2.9% South Korea 2.1% (4,982) 3.2% 1.0% China 2.0% (4,834) 3.2% Hong Kong 1.2% Israel 1.0% See also: Health status of Asian Americans Asian immigrants are also changing the American medical landscape through increasing number of Asian medical practitioners in the United States. Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, the US government invited a number of foreign physicians particularly from India and the Philippines to address the shortage of physicians in rural and medically underserved urban areas. The trend in importing foreign medical practitioners, however, became a long-term solution as US schools failed to produce enough health care providers to match the increasing population. Amid decreasing interest in medicine among American college students due to high educational costs and high rates of job dissatisfaction, loss of morale, stress, and lawsuits, Asian American immigrants maintained a supply of healthcare practitioners for millions of Americans. It is documented that Asian American international medical graduates including highly skilled guest workers using the J1 Visa program for medical workers, tend to serve in health professions shortage areas (HPSA) and specialties that are not filled by US medical graduates especially primary care and rural medicine.[125][126] In 2020, of all the medical personnel in the United States, 17% of doctors were Asian Americans, 9% of physician assistants were Asian American, and more than 9% of nurses were Asian Americans.[127] Among Asian Americans, nearly one in four are likely to use common alternative medicine.[128] This includes Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurveda.[128][129] Due to the prevalence of usage, engaging with Asian American populations, through the practitioners of these common alternative medicines, can lead to an increase of usage of underused medical procedures.[130] Education Educational attainment, 25 and older Ethnicity High school graduation rate, 2004 Bachelor's degree or higher, 2010 Chinese 80.8% 51.8% Filipinos 90.8% 48.1% Indian 90.2% 70.7% Japanese 93.4% 47.3% Koreans 90.2% 52.9% Pakistanis 87.4% 55.1% Vietnamese 70.0% 26.3% Total U.S. population 83.9% 27.9% Sources: 2004[131][132][133] and 2010[134] Among America's major racial categories, Asian Americans have the highest educational qualifications. This varies, however, for individual ethnic groups. For example, a 2010 study of all Asian American adults found 42% have at least a college degree, but only 16% of Vietnamese Americans and only 5% for Laotians and Cambodians.[135] It has been noted, however, that 2008 US Census statistics put the bachelor's degree attainment rate of Vietnamese Americans at 26%, which is not very different from the rate of 27% for all Americans.[136] Census data from 2010 show 50% of Asian adults have earned at least a bachelor's degree, compared to 28% for all Americans,[137] and 34% for non-Hispanic whites.[138] Indian Americans have some of the highest education rates, with nearly 71% having attained at least a bachelor's degree in 2010.[134] as of December 2012 Asian Americans made up twelve to eighteen percent of the student population at Ivy League schools, larger than their share of the population.[139][a] For example, the Harvard College Class of 2023 admitted students were 25% Asian American.[144] In the years immediately preceding 2012, 61% of Asian American adult immigrants have a bachelor or higher level college education.[62] In August 2020, the US Justice Department argued that Yale University discriminated against Asian candidates on the basis of their race, a charge the university denied.[145] Social and political issues Media portrayal Lucy Liu at Kung Fu Panda premiere Because Asian Americans total about 6.9% of the entire US population, diversity within the group is often overlooked in media treatment.[146][147] Bamboo ceiling Main article: Bamboo ceiling This concept appears to elevate Asian Americans by portraying them as an elite group of successful, highly educated, intelligent, and wealthy individuals, but it can also be considered an overly narrow and overly one-dimensional portrayal of Asian Americans, leaving out other human qualities such as vocal leadership, negative emotions, risk taking, ability to learn from mistakes, and desire for creative expression.[148] Furthermore, Asian Americans who do not fit into the model minority mold can face challenges when people's expectations based on the model minority myth do not match with reality. Traits outside of the model minority mold can be seen as negative character flaws for Asian Americans despite those very same traits being positive for the general American majority (e.g., risk taking, confidence, empowered). For this reason, Asian Americans encounter a "bamboo ceiling", the Asian American equivalent of the glass ceiling in the workplace, with only 1.5% of Fortune 500 CEOs being Asians, a percentage smaller than their percentage of the total United States population.[149] The bamboo ceiling is defined as a combination of individual, cultural, and organisational factors that impede Asian Americans' career progress inside organizations. Since then, a variety of sectors (including nonprofits, universities, the government) have discussed the impact of the ceiling as it relates to Asians and the challenges they face. As described by Anne Fisher, the "bamboo ceiling" refers to the processes and barriers that serve to exclude Asians and American people of Asian descent from executive positions on the basis of subjective factors such as "lack of leadership potential" and "lack of communication skills" that cannot actually be explained by job performance or qualifications.[150] Articles regarding the subject have been published in Crains, Fortune magazine, and The Atlantic.[151] Illegal immigration See also: Deportation of Cambodians from the United States and Illegal immigration to the United States In 2012, there were 1.3 million Asian Americans; and for those awaiting visas, there were lengthy backlogs with over 450 thousand Filipinos, over 325 thousand Indians, over 250 thousand Vietnamese, and over 225 thousand Chinese awaiting visas.[152] As of 2009, Filipinos and Indians accounted for the highest number of alien immigrants for "Asian Americans" with an estimated illegal population of 270,000 and 200,000 respectively. Indian Americans are also the fastest-growing alien immigrant group in the United States, an increase in illegal immigration of 125% since 2000.[153] This is followed by Koreans (200,000) and Chinese (120,000).[154] Nonetheless, Asian Americans have the highest naturalization rates in the United States. In 2015, out of a total of 730,259 applicants, 261,374 became new Americans.[155] According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, legal permanent residents or green card holders from India, Philippines and China were among the top nationals applying for U.S. naturalization in 2015.[156] Due to the stereotype of Asian Americans being successful as a group and having the lowest crime rates in the United States, public attention to illegal immigration is mostly focused on those from Mexico and Latin America while leaving out Asians.[157] Asians are the second largest racial/ethnic alien immigrant group in the U.S. behind Hispanics and Latinos.[158] While the majority of Asian immigrants immigrate legally to the United States,[159] up to 15% of Asian immigrants immigrate without legal documents.[160] Race-based violence See also: Yellow Peril, Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States, Anti-Filipino sentiment § United States, Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States, Anti-Indian sentiment § United States, and Anti-Pakistan sentiment § United States Olivia Munn at the 2013 Harper's Bazaar Women of the Year Awards Asian Americans have been the targets of violence based on their race and or ethnicity. This violence includes, but is not limited to, such events as the Rock Springs massacre,[161] Watsonville Riots,[162] Bellingham Riots in 1916 against South Asians,[163] attacks upon Japanese Americans following the attack on Pearl Harbor,[164] and Korean American businesses targeted during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[165] Attacks on Chinese in the American frontier were common, this included the slaughter of forty to sixty Chinese miners by Paiute Indians in 1866, during the Snake War, and an attack on Chinese miners at the Chinese Massacre Cove by cowboys in 1887 which resulted in 31 deaths.[166] In the late 1980s, assaults and other hate crimes were committed against South Asians in New Jersey by a group of Latinos who were known as the Dotbusters.[167] In the late 1990s, the lone death that occurred during the Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting by a white supremacist was a Filipino postal worker.[168] Even when it did not manifest as violence, contempt against Asian Americans was reflected in aspects of popular culture such as the playground chant "Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees".[169] After the September 11 attacks, Sikh Americans were targeted, becoming the victims of numerous hate crimes, including murder.[170] Other Asian Americans have also been the victims of race-based violence in Brooklyn,[171] Philadelphia,[172] San Francisco,[173] and Bloomington, Indiana.[174] Furthermore, it has been reported that young Asian Americans are more likely to be the targets of violence than their peers.[171][175] In 2017, racist graffiti and other property damage was done to a community center in Stockton's Little Manila.[176] Racism and discrimination still persist against Asian Americans, occurring not only against recent immigrants but also against well-educated and highly trained professionals.[177] Recent waves of immigration of Asian Americans to largely African American neighborhoods have led to cases of severe racial tension.[178] Acts of large-scale violence against Asian American students by their black classmates have been reported in multiple cities.[179] In October 2008, 30 black students chased and attacked 5 Asian students at South Philadelphia High School,[180] and a similar attack on Asian students occurred at the same school one year later, prompting a protest by Asian students in response.[181] Asian-owned businesses have been a frequent target of tensions between black and Asian Americans. During the 1992 Los Angeles riots, more than 2000 Korean-owned businesses were looted or burned by groups of African Americans.[182] From 1990 to 1991, a high-profile, racially motivated boycott of an Asian-owned shop in Brooklyn was organized by a local black nationalist activist, eventually resulting in the owner being forced to sell his business.[183] Another racially motivated boycott against an Asian-owned business occurred in Dallas in 2012, after an Asian American clerk fatally shot an African American who had robbed his store.[184] During the Ferguson unrest in 2014, Asian-owned businesses were looted,[185] and Asian-owned stores were looted during the 2015 Baltimore protests while African-American owned stores were bypassed.[186] Violence against Asian Americans continue to occur based on their race,[187] with one source asserting that Asian Americans are the fastest-growing targets of hate crimes and violence.[188] Racial stereotypes Main articles: Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States and Stereotypes of South Asians See also: Ching chong Until the late 20th century, the term "Asian American" was mostly adopted by activists, while the average person who was of Asian ancestry identified with his or her specific ethnicity.[197] The murder of Vincent Chin in 1982 was a pivotal civil rights case, and it marked the emergence of Asian Americans as a distinct group in United States.[197][198] Stereotypes of Asians have largely been collectively internalized by society and most of the repercussions of these stereotypes are negative for Asian Americans and Asian immigrants in daily interactions, current events, and governmental legislation. In many instances, media portrayals of East Asians often reflect a dominant Americentric perception rather than realistic and authentic depictions of true cultures, customs and behaviors.[199] Asians have experienced discrimination and have been victims of hate crimes related to their ethnic stereotypes.[200] A study has indicated that most non-Asian Americans generally do not differentiate between Asian Americans who are of different ethnicities.[201] Stereotypes of Chinese Americans and Asian Americans are nearly identical.[202] A 2002 survey of Americans' attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that 24% of the respondents disapprove of intermarriage with an Asian American, second only to African Americans; 23% would be uncomfortable supporting an Asian American presidential candidate, compared to 15% for an African American, 14% for a woman and 11% for a Jew; 17% would be upset if a substantial number of Asian Americans moved into their neighborhood; 25% had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general.[203] The study did find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans: strong family values (91%); honesty as business people (77%); high value on education (67%).[202] There is a widespread perception that Asian Americans are not "American" but are instead "perpetual foreigners".[203][204][205] Asian Americans often report being asked the question, "Where are you really from?" by other Americans, regardless of how long they or their ancestors have lived in United States and been a part of its society.[206] Many Asian Americans are themselves not immigrants but rather born in the United States. Many East Asian Americans are asked if they are Chinese or Japanese, an assumption based on major groups of past immigrants.[204][207] Model minority Main article: Model minority Asian Americans are sometimes characterized as a model minority in the United States because many of their cultures encourage a strong work ethic, a respect for elders, a high degree of professional and academic success, a high valuation of family, education and religion.[211] Statistics such as high household income and low incarceration rate,[212] low rates of many diseases, and higher than average life expectancy are also discussed as positive aspects of Asian Americans.[213] The implicit advice is that the other minorities should stop protesting and emulate the Asian American work ethic and devotion to higher education. Some critics say the depiction replaces biological racism with cultural racism, and should be dropped.[214] According to The Washington Post, "the idea that Asian Americans are distinct among minority groups and immune to the challenges faced by other people of color is a particularly sensitive issue for the community, which has recently fought to reclaim its place in social justice conversations with movements like #ModelMinorityMutiny."[215] The model minority concept can also affect Asians' public education.[216] By comparison with other minorities, Asians often achieve higher test scores and grades compared to other Americans.[217] Stereotyping Asian American as over-achievers can lead to harm if school officials or peers expect all to perform higher than average.[218] The very high educational attainments of Asian Americans has often been noted; in 1980, for example, 74% of Chinese Americans, 62% of Japanese Americans, and 55% of Korean Americans aged 20–21 were in college, compared to only a third of the whites. The disparity at postgraduate levels is even greater, and the differential is especially notable in fields making heavy use of mathematics. By 2000, a plurality of undergraduates at such elite public California schools as UC Berkeley and UCLA, which are obligated by law to not consider race as a factor in admission, were Asian American. The pattern is rooted in the pre-World War II era. Native-born Chinese and Japanese Americans reached educational parity with majority whites in the early decades of the 20th century.[219] One group of writers who discuss the "model minority" stereotype, have taken to attaching the term "myth" after "model minority," thus encouraging discourse regarding how the concept and stereotype is harmful to Asian American communities and ethnic groups.[220] The model minority concept can be emotionally damaging to some Asian Americans, particularly since they are expected to live up to those peers who fit the stereotype.[221] Studies have shown that some Asian Americans suffer from higher rates of stress, depression, mental illnesses, and suicides in comparison to other races,[222] indicating that the pressures to achieve and live up to the model minority image may take a mental and psychological toll on some Asian Americans.[223] The "model minority" stereotype fails to distinguish between different ethnic groups with different histories.[224] When divided up by ethnicity, it can be seen that the economic and academic successes supposedly enjoyed by Asian Americans are concentrated into a few ethnic groups.[225] Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians (and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese) all have relatively low achievement rates, possibly due to their refugee status, and the fact that they are non-voluntary immigrants.[226] Social and economic disparities among Asian Americans Chloe Bennet In 2015, Asian American earnings were found to exceed all other racial groups when all Asian ethnic groups are grouped as a whole.[227] Yet, a 2014 report from the Census Bureau reported that 12% of Asian Americans were living below the poverty line, while 10.1% of non-Hispanic White Americans live below the poverty line.[228][229] A 2017 study of wealth inequality within Asian Americans found a greater gap between wealthy and non-wealthy Asian Americans compared to non-Hispanic white Americans.[230] Once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, a portion of the sub-groups that make up Asian Americans are much more likely than non-Hispanic White Americans to live in poverty.[231][232][233][234] There are major disparities that exist among Asian Americans when specific ethnic groups are examined. For example, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level of any racial demographic in the country.[62] Yet, there are many sub groups of Asian Americans who suffer in terms of education with some sub groups showing a high rate of dropping out of school or lacking a college education.[233][234][235] This occurs in terms of household income as well – in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic,[236][237] while there were Asian sub-groups who had average median incomes lower than both the U.S. average and non-Hispanic Whites.[233] In 2014, data released by the United States Census Bureau revealed that 5 Asian American ethnic groups are in the top 10 lowest earning ethnicities in terms of per capita income in all of the United States.[238] The Asian American groups that have low educational attainment and high rates of poverty both in average individual and median income are Bhutanese Americans,[239][240] Bangladeshi Americans,[229][239][241] Cambodian Americans,[232][234] Burmese Americans,[233] Nepali Americans,[242] Hmong Americans,[229][234][239] and Laotian Americans.[234] This affects Vietnamese Americans as well, albeit to a lesser degree, as early 21st century immigration from Vietnam are almost entirely not from refugee backgrounds.[243] These individual ethnicities experience social issues within their communities, some specific to their individual communities themselves. Issues such as suicide, crime, and mental illness.[244] Other issues experienced include deportation, and poor physical health.[245] Within the Bhutanese American community, it has been documented that there are issues of suicide greater than the world's average.[246] Cambodian Americans, some of whom immigrated as refugees, are subject to deportation.[247] Crime and gang violence are common social issues among Southeast Asian Americans of refugee backgrounds such as Cambodian, Laotian, Hmong, and Vietnamese Americans.[248] See also Amerasian Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium Asian American studies Asian Americans in New York City Asian Pacific American Asian pride Category:Racially motivated violence against Asian-Americans Hyphenated American Jade Ribbon Campaign List of Asian-American firsts Index of articles related to Asian Americans Corona (Spanish for 'crown') is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 152,374, up from 124,966 at the 2000 census. The cities of Norco and Riverside lie to the north and northeast, Chino Hills and Yorba Linda to the northwest, and the Cleveland National Forest and the Santa Ana Mountains to the southwest, and unincorporated Riverside County along the rest of the border, respectively. Corona is approximately 48 miles (77 kilometers) southeast of Los Angeles and 95 miles (153 km) north-northwest of San Diego. Corona, located along the western edge of Southern California's Inland Empire region, is known as the "Circle City" due to Grand Boulevard's 3 mi (4.8 km) circular layout. It is one of the most residential cities in the Inland Empire, but also has a large industrial portion on the northern half, being the headquarters of companies such as Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, Monster Beverage Corporation, and supercar manufacturer Saleen. Contents 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Early years 1.3 20th century 1.4 Historical markers 2 Geography and climate 3 Economy 3.1 Top employers 4 Demographics 4.1 2010 4.2 2000 5 Neighborhoods 5.1 North Corona 5.2 Central Corona 5.3 South Corona 6 Government 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Transportation 7.2 Healthcare 7.3 Education 7.4 Nonprofit associations 7.5 Utilities 7.6 Cemetery 7.7 Corrections 8 Arts and culture 8.1 Performing arts 9 Notable people 10 Sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History Don Bernardo Yorba, a wealthy Californio ranchero, was granted Rancho La Sierra, which included all of modern-day Corona. Temescal Butterfield stage station Corona in 1860 Etymology See also: List of Riverside County, California, placename etymologies § Corona Corona is Spanish for crown or wreath. Originally called South Riverside, citizens wanted to distinguish their city from the larger city of Riverside to the north. When it came time to incorporate the city a number of different names were considered, but the name Corona was chosen to play upon a unique feature of the city, the one-mile diameter drive that circled the center of the town.[9][10] Early years Corona was founded at the height of the Southern California citrus boom in 1886, and is situated at the upper end of the Santa Ana River Canyon, a significant pass through the Santa Ana Mountains. The town of Corona was once the "Lemon Capital of the World". A museum there presents the lemon's former role in the local economy. The city derived its name (and its nickname, "The Circle City") from the unique layout of its streets, with a standard grid enclosed by the circular Grand Boulevard, 2.75 miles (4.43 km) in circumference.[11] The street layout was designed by Hiram Clay Kellogg, a civil engineer from Anaheim who was an influential figure in the early development of Orange County. Corona was established as a town by the South Riverside Land and Water Company. The company was incorporated in 1886; founding members included ex-Governor of Iowa Samuel Merrill, R.B. Taylor, George L. Joy, A.S. Garretson, and Adolph Rimpau.[12] Originally a citrus growers' organization, it purchased the lands of Rancho La Sierra of Bernardo Yorba, and the Rancho Temescal grant and the colony of South Riverside was laid out. They also secured the water rights to Temescal Creek, its tributaries and Lee Lake. Dams and pipelines were built to carry the water to the colony. In 1889, the Temescal Water Company was incorporated, to supply water for the new colony. This company purchased all the water-bearing lands in the Temescal valley and began drilling artesian wells.[13] Originally located in San Bernardino County, the city was named "South Riverside" and received its post office in that name on either May 27[14] or August 11, 1887[15] with Charles H. Cornell as the town's first postmaster.[14] In 1893, South Riverside became part of the new Riverside County. In 1896, the city was renamed "Corona" for its circular Grand Boulevard, where three international automobile races were held in 1913, 1914 and 1916.[16] 20th century The city of Corona has been popular among celebrities drawn to its upscale areas and relative privacy compared to Los Angeles. Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz spent time at their ranch, located in north Corona, and played golf often at the Cresta Verde Golf Course in the northeastern section of the city.[17] After their divorce, Mr. Arnaz continued to live in Corona.[18] In recent years Corona has been known as the "Gateway to the Inland Empire". Prior to the 1980s, the city was largely an agricultural community, dominated by citrus orchards, ranches, and dairy farms. High real estate prices in Los Angeles and Orange counties made the area's land desirable to developers and industrialists, and by the late 1990s Corona was considered a major suburb of Los Angeles.[citation needed] Housing development in the city has been accelerated by access to the area via the SR 91, with many families leaving Orange County to larger, more affordable housing available in the city. The construction of the nearby SR 71 has linked Corona to the Pomona and San Gabriel valleys. Due to traffic caused by Corona's considerable growth, toll lanes have been built along the 91 freeway, with future toll lane expansions under construction and in the planning stages along Interstate 15. While there were talks to construct a proposed 10-mile (16 km) automobile and rail tunnel under Santiago Peak to connect Interstate 15 in Corona with Interstate 5 and SR 55 in Orange County to reduce commuter traffic on the crowded 91 freeway, this concept has been shelved indefinitely. In 2002, the city government considered an initiative to secede from Riverside County and form an autonomous Corona County because the city government and some residents were dissatisfied with how services were handled in nearby areas. The effort was also considered by areas in other cities in the western part of the county as far south as Murrieta. Whether nearby cities such as Norco would have been included in the new county are unknown. The proposed county would have been bordered by San Bernardino County to the northwest, and by Orange County to the west, but it never came to fruition.[19] Historical markers Roadside Historical Markers in Corona[20] Name Date placed Description Location Placed by Butterfield Stage Station 1934 First used 1858 20730 Temescal Canyon Road Corona Woman's Improvement Club Corona Founders Monument 1936 Land purchase of May 4, 1886 Corona City Park 20-30 Club of Corona Old Temescal Road 1959 Route of Luiseno and Gabrieleno Indians, and early white settlers 11 mi (18 km) south on old Highway 71 Corona Woman's Improvement Club and State Park Commission Painted Rock May 4, 1927 Indian pictograph Old Temescal Canyon Road Corona Woman's Improvement Club Third Serrano Adobe 1981 Owned by Josefa Serrano, widow of Leandro I-15 and Old Temescal Road E Clampus Vitus, Hydro Conduit Corp., Phil Porretta family Serrano Tanning Vats 1981 Built 1819 I-15 and Old Temescal Road E Clampus Vitus, Hydro Conduit Corp., Phil Porretta family Geography and climate Corona is located in western Riverside County, east of Orange County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 38.9 square miles (101 km2), of which 38.8 square miles (100 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it (0.27%) is water. Corona experiences a warm Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification CSa) and has mild to cool winters and hot summers. Most of the rainfall (as in all of Southern California) occurs during winter and early spring. Winter days are pleasant, with the average highs staying in the mid to upper 60s. But compared to other areas in Southern California, winter lows are colder, with common frost and chilly mornings. Snowfall within city limits is rare. Snow flurries will occasionally fall, usually once every other year, but it very rarely snows to the point where it accumulates. The nearby Santa Ana Mountains receive a dusting of snow a few times each winter. Spring brings pleasant weather with daytime temperatures in the mid to upper 70s, and nighttime lows in the upper 40s. Spring showers are common during the beginning of the season but are a rarity by late May. Summertime is hot, with highs averaging in the low to mid 90s. During the hottest months, daytime temperatures in Corona can exceed 100 °F (38 °C).[21][22] In early summer, Corona receives common overcast weather known as "May Gray" and "June Gloom". Summer thunderstorms are sporadic and usually happen between July and September from the North American Monsoons, bringing increased humidity and scattered thunderstorms. Autumn features warm days and sharply cooler evenings, but can be windy due to the Santa Ana winds, blowing in two or three times a year from October to December. Climate data for Corona, California Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 91 (33) 93 (34) 100 (38) 100 (38) 107 (42) 110 (43) 118 (48) 113 (45) 114 (46) 108 (42) 99 (37) 94 (34) 118 (48) Average high °F (°C) 66 (19) 69 (21) 71 (22) 77 (25) 80 (27) 87 (31) 92 (33) 93 (34) 90 (32) 83 (28) 74 (23) 67 (19) 79 (26) Average low °F (°C) 40 (4) 43 (6) 45 (7) 48 (9) 52 (11) 57 (14) 62 (17) 64 (18) 60 (16) 52 (11) 45 (7) 42 (6) 51 (11) Record low °F (°C) 19 (−7) 25 (−4) 25 (−4) 28 (−2) 28 (−2) 39 (4) 41 (5) 41 (5) 41 (5) 29 (−2) 26 (−3) 22 (−6) 19 (−7) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.01 (76) 3.06 (78) 2.32 (59) 1.02 (26) .35 (8.9) .04 (1.0) .10 (2.5) .12 (3.0) .24 (6.1) .54 (14) 1.07 (27) 2.08 (53) 13.95 (354) Average precipitation days 6.9 7.0 5.5 3.7 1.2 0.3 1.0 1.2 1.7 2.2 4.1 6.2 41 Mean monthly sunshine hours 200 210 270 310 305 295 370 350 290 250 210 205 3,265 Source: The Weather Company[23] Economy Businesses with global, national or major regional headquarters in Corona include: Monster Beverage, a worldwide manufacturer of soft drinks, including Hansen's beverages and the Monster Energy drink line.[24] Saleen, manufacturer of specialty, high-performance sports cars.[25] Fender, world-famous manufacturer of electric guitars, amplifiers, and musical equipment. The Fender Custom Shop is also based out of the same building. Zumiez, youth and action sports clothing and accessory retailer. Corona is home to the Zumiez distribution center. Lucas Oil Products, manufacturer of automotive additive products and owner of naming rights to Lucas Oil Stadium, home venue of the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL.[citation needed] Premium automotive television channel MAVTV, which Lucas Oil owns, is also based in Corona. LuLaRoe, a women's clothing multi-level marketing distributor. Sterno, manufacturers of portable cooking fuel. Top employers According to the city's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[26] the top employers in the city are: # Employer # of Employees 1 Corona-Norco Unified School District 5,399 2 Corona Regional Medical Center 1,113 3 Kaiser Permanente 995 4 All American Asphalt 840 5 City of Corona 805 6 Fender 650 7 Monster Energy 607 8 TWR Framing 600 9 Thermal Structures 500 10 Veg-Fresh Farms 425 11 Core-Mark 421 Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 1900 1,434 — 1910 3,540 146.9% 1920 4,129 16.6% 1930 7,018 70.0% 1940 8,764 24.9% 1950 10,223 16.6% 1960 13,336 30.5% 1970 27,519 106.4% 1980 37,791 37.3% 1990 76,095 101.4% 2000 124,966 64.2% 2010 152,374 21.9% 2019 (est.) 169,868 [8] 11.5% U.S. Decennial Census[27] 2010 Ancestry in Corona Origin percent Mexican American   33.7% German American   11.1% Irish American   7.0% English American   6.7% African American   5.9% Multiracial American   5.1% Italian American   4.0% French American   2.7% Filipino American   2.3% Vietnamese American   2.1% Puerto Rican American   2.1% Korean American   1.7% Polish American   1.6% Indian American   1.4% Other   18.1% The 2010 United States Census[28] reported that Corona had a population of 152,374. The population density was 3,914.0 people per square mile (1,511.2/km2). The racial makeup of Corona was 90,925 (59.7%) White (40.1% Non-Hispanic White),[7] 8,934 (5.9%) African American, 1,153 (0.8%) Native American, 16,205 (10.6%) Asian, 552 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 28,003 (18.4%) from other races, and 7,759 (5.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 66,447 persons (41.9%); 33.7% of Corona's population are Mexican-American, 2.1% Puerto Rican, 1.2% Cuban, 1.2% Salvadoran, 1.1% Guatemalan, 0.5% Colombian, 0.5% Peruvian, 0.5% Argentine, 0.3% Honduran, 0.2% Nicaraguan, and 0.2% Ecuadorian. Among Asian-Americans, 2.3% of Corona's population were Filipino, 2.1% Vietnamese, 1.7% Korean, 1.4% Indian-Americans, 1.1% Chinese, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Pakistani, 0.2% Thai, and 0.1% Bangladeshi. Among The second largest group of Corona's population is made up of Caucasian-Americans; the largest groups were 11.1% German-American, 6.7% Irish, 6.2% English, 4.0% Italian, 2.7% French, 1.6% Polish, 1.3% Dutch, 1.2% Norwegian, 1.1% Scottish, 1.1% Swedish. Middle Eastern/North African (MENA) people made up 2.5% of the population.[29] The Census reported that 151,863 people (99.7% of the population) lived in households, 229 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 282 (0.2%) were institutionalized. There were 44,950 households, out of which 22,735 (50.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 27,357 (60.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 5,971 (13.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 3,004 (6.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,690 (6.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 360 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 6,455 households (14.4%) were made up of individuals, and 2,224 (4.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.38. There were 36,332 families (80.8% of all households); the average family size was 3.72. The population was spread out, with 45,674 people (30.0%) under the age of 18, 15,504 people (10.2%) aged 18 to 24, 44,215 people (29.0%) aged 25 to 44, 35,801 people (23.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 11,180 people (7.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males. There were 47,174 housing units at an average density of 1,211.8 per square mile (467.9/km2), of which 30,210 (67.2%) were owner-occupied, and 14,740 (32.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.3%. 103,170 people (67.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 48,693 people (32.0%) lived in rental housing units. During 2009–2013, Corona had a median household income of $77,123, with 10.8% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[7] 2000 As of the census[30] of 2000, there were 124,996 people, 37,839 households, and 30,384 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,555.5 people per square mile (1,372.7/km2). There were 39,271 housing units at an average density of 1,117.3 per square mile (431.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.0% White, 6.4% Black or African American, 0.9% Native American, 7.5% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 17.5% from other races, and 5.3% from two or more races. 25.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 37,839 households, out of which 49.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 14.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.3 and the average family size was 3.6. In the city, the population was spread out, with 33.4% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 35.1% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $98,615, and the median income for a family was $83,505 (these figures had risen to $88,620 and $95,450 respectively as of a 2007 estimate[31]). Males had a median income of $44,752 versus $31,884 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,001. About 6.0% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.1% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over. Neighborhoods The City of Corona is composed of three districts. Each district is split in half into west and east sub-districts by Corona's Main St - a major Inland Empire street running north–south through the middle of the city. The larger neighborhoods of Corona are located within these sub-districts, and a few of these neighborhoods contain smaller communities often referred to by the names of their planned communities, parks, or nearby geographic references. Districts of Corona: North Corona, Central Corona, South Corona[32][33][34] Sub-Districts of Corona: Northwest Corona, Northeast Corona, Westside Corona, Eastside Corona, Southeast Corona, Southwest Corona North Corona Directly north of the City of Corona borders the City of Norco, the City of Riverside is to the east, and Chino Hills is on its northwest border. This area (north of State Route 91) is primarily residential and commercial. The makeup is primarily middle and upper-middle income, with most housing being built after the late 1990s, and is known for being well maintained and safe. Northwest Corona contains 4 neighborhoods, yet only one of them is residential - Auburndale. The other three neighborhoods in Northwest Corona - Auto Center, Corona Airport, and Prado Wetlands - are nearly completely free of any residences and mainly serve commercial interests. Heavily contrasting its neighbor to the west, Northeast Corona is primarily residential. Only two commercial areas exist - The southern half of Parkridge is nearly completely commercial (south of E Parkridge Ave), while the second commercial area occupies the southern portion of Corona Hills south of the 91 Freeway, along Sampson Ave and the Temescal Wash (this is also the only portion of North Corona located south of the 91 Freeway). Neighborhoods of Northwest Corona: Auburndale, Auto Center, Corona Airport, Prado Wetlands (unincorporated Riverside Co.) Neighborhoods of Northeast Corona: Parkridge, Corona Hills, Corona Ranch[35][36] Downtown/North Main: Most of the city's downtown area lies north of State Route 91, and is home to the former Fender Museum (now the new Corona Community Center). The area has office and apartment buildings. The new North Main renovation project added multiple new retail shops, bars, and restaurants to the area. Downtown is also the location of the North Main Corona Metrolink station, which is one of two Metrolink stations in the city. The Downtown/North Main area straddles the Northwest neighborhood of Auburndale (Downtown West) and the Northeast neighborhood of Parkridge along (Downtown East) North Main Street. Auto Center: Auto Center is a relatively large swath of Corona's Northwest neighborhood that is entirely commercial - void of any residences. As its name suggests, Auto Center is home to the majority of the car dealerships in Corona, as well as world famous supercar maker Saleen. Corona's most recently constructed Metrolink station, Corona-West Station, is also located in the Auto Center neighborhood. Prado Wetlands: The Prado Constructed Wetlands, the largest constructed wetlands on the west coast, are approximately 465 acres and are composed of 50 shallow ponds used as a natural water treatment system. They were created in 1996, a modification of ponds used for duck hunting, and before the 1970s, barley fields.[37][38] Central Corona The central city area includes the inner circle of Grand Boulevard as well as all areas south of State Route 91 and north of Ontario Avenue. This is the oldest area of the city by far, with most housing having been built around 1910. This part of the city has a mixed Hispanic and white population, and consists of many restored historic residences. South Main Street Palms Historic District, a section of the central city street lined with different species of palms and historic houses, extends from Olive Street to Chase Drive.[39] Downtown: Grand Boulevard Historic District Neighborhoods of Westside Corona: Alta Vista, Civic Center, Coronita (unincorporated Riverside Co.), Sierra Del Oro Neighborhoods of Eastside Corona: Circle City, Home Gardens (unincorporated Riverside Co.), Kellogg, Pepper Corner, Sunnyslope, Temescal Canyon Many of the homes in the center of town, such as the ones seen in this early 1900s postcard, were recognized by the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 as part of the Grand Boulevard Circle Historic District.[1] Sierra Del Oro: Sierra Del Oro is the western portion of Corona, comprising the communities situated along Green River Road, extending all the way towards State Route 91 and the Orange/Riverside county line, bordering Yorba Linda and Anaheim Hills, Anaheim. This area holds many apartment complexes geared towards commuters, along with close access to the West Corona Metrolink station. In December 2016, construction of the Foothill Parkway expansion was completed, allowing a direct street link between Sierra Del Oro and South Corona. Coronita: Coronita is an unincorporated, census-designated area in Riverside County enclosed in western Corona. An annexation attempt in 1986 by the city failed.[40] Home Gardens:Home Gardens is a census-designated place (CDP) within the City of Corona's sphere of influence. The neighborhood is largely populated by Hispanic and Caucasian communities. Home Gardens is one of Corona's largest neighborhoods with a population estimate of approximately 12,000 residents. It is also one of the city's lowest-income areas. The neighborhood is served by Magnolia Avenue, a major thoroughfare which leads into the City of Riverside. Bus service is provided by the Riverside Transit Agency (RTA) and Corona Cruiser. South Corona South Corona is home to the newest planned communities of Corona and is located south of Ontario Avenue. Most of the housing was built after the early 2000s. This area has the highest rated schools in the city (as well as some of the highest in the region). Neighborhoods of Southwest Corona: Buena Vista, Mountain Gate, Skyline Neighborhoods of Southeast Corona: Arantine Hills, Arcilla (unincorporated Riverside Co.), Citrus Hills, Eagle Glen, El Cerrito (unincorporated Riverside Co.), Mathews (unincorporated Riverside Co.), Santana Heights, South Cleveland, Temescal Valley (unincorporated Riverside Co.), Weisel[41][42] Dos Lagos: Dos Lagos is located in Weisel near the southern city limits of Corona, straddling Interstate 15. The area is mostly dominated by upscale apartment complexes, newer homes, a shopping center, and a large golf course. Temescal Valley: Temescal Valley is an unincorporated but census-designated area in Riverside County at the southernmost end of Corona city limits, and is included in the city's sphere of influence. It includes the neighborhoods of Sycamore Creek, Trilogy, The Retreat, Weirick, and Horsethief Canyon Ranch. In 2013, the City of Corona applied for annexation of the area through the Riverside County Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO).[43] On September 26, 2013, however, the Commission formally denied the City of Corona's request for annexation.[44] The contract between Corona and the county to provide its emergency services to the northern-third of Temescal Valley persists.[45] Although the arguments of the opponents of annexation included the fear of being "Coronians" and losing the area's identity, Temescal Valley's ZIP Code remains associated with Corona.[46] El Cerrito:El Cerrito is located on the southeastern part of the city, just a few exits north of the Dos Lagos neighborhood on I-15. El Cerrito is mostly a rural/suburban area with many dirt roads in alleyways and no ranches. El Cerrito is home to El Cerrito Sports Park, a large park consisting of one baseball field and a popular destination for Little League Baseball and local school softball teams. El Cerrito is served by Ontario Avenue/Temescal Canyon Road. Government Federal: In the United States House of Representatives, Corona is located in California's 42nd congressional district, represented by Republican Ken Calvert.[47] In the United States Senate, California is represented by Democrats Dianne Feinstein and Alex Padilla. State: In the California State Legislature, Corona is located in the 31st Senate District, represented by Democrat Richard Roth and in the 60th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Sabrina Cervantes.[48] Local: In the Riverside County Board of Supervisors, Corona is in the Second District, represented by Karen Spiegel. Infrastructure This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Corona, California" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Transportation Riverside Freeway (SR 91) interchange with Chino Valley Freeway (SR 71) in western Corona The city is served by the Chino Valley (SR 71), Ontario (I-15), and Riverside (SR 91) freeways. The city is also linked with the 91 Line and Inland Empire–Orange County Line of the Metrolink commuter rail system, providing service to Los Angeles, Perris, San Bernardino, and Oceanside from North Main Corona Metrolink Station in the Downtown area and West Corona Metrolink Station in Corona's West Side. The city's downtown area is circled by Grand Boulevard, which is unique for being perfectly circular. The street is approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) in diameter. Corona's public transportation includes the following bus lines: RTA route 1 from West Corona to UC Riverside, RTA route 3 from Corona Regional Medical Center to Swan Lake in nearby Eastvale, RTA route 214 from Downtown Corona to The Village shopping center in Orange, RTA route 206 from Downtown Corona to Temecula, OCTA bus route from Anaheim to South Corona Walmart (Ontario Avenue), and the Corona Cruiser blue and red lines. There is a proposal to erect a new four-lane freeway along or near Cajalco Road to connect Interstates 15 and 215, although the plan remains controversial. In addition, there is a possibility of constructing a 7.5 mi (12.1 km) tunnel under the Santiago Peak Mountains to the Eastern Transportation Corridor of the FastTrak toll-road company system in Orange, due to increased commuter traffic on State Route 91, which needs to be reduced by another freeway between Orange and Riverside counties. Corona Municipal Airport (FAA designator: AJO) serves the city and has a 3,200-foot (980 m) runway. On January 20, 2008, two small passenger aircraft collided over Corona, killing all four men aboard the planes and another man on the ground. In the past ten years, there have been five fatal plane crashes around Corona. Healthcare Corona is served by the following three hospitals: The Corona Regional Medical Center, a General Acute Care Hospital with Basic Emergency Services as of 2005[49] Kaiser Permanente Corona (no emergency services) Corona Regional Rehabilitation Hospital Education The city of Corona is a part of the Corona-Norco Unified School District.[50] There are five high schools in Corona: Corona, Centennial, Lee V. Pollard, Orange Grove, Santiago. There are five middle schools in Corona: Auburndale, Citrus Hills, Corona Fundamental, El Cerrito, Raney. There are also 28 elementary schools in the city: John Adams, Susan B. Anthony, Cesar Chavez, Corona Ranch, Coronita, Dwight Eisenhower, Foothill, Ben Franklin, Garretson, Home Gardens, Jefferson, Lincoln Alternative, William McKinley, Orange, Parkridge, Prado View, Promenade, Riverview, Ronald Reagan, Sierra Vista, Stallings, Temescal Valley, Dr. Bernice Todd, Vandermolen, Vicentia, Victress Bower, George Washington and Woodrow Wilson. Private schools include St. Edward Catholic School[51] and Crossroads Christian School. Nonprofit associations The World Mosquito Control Association (WMCA) is located in Corona.[52] Utilities Southern California Edison provides most of the city's electricity and a small part of the city is serviced by Corona Department of Water and Power. Waste Management Inc. provides waste disposal for the city. Cemetery The Corona Sunnyslope Cemetery[53] is a for-profit cemetery established in 1892.[54] Notable burials include USC Trojans athletic director Jess Hill. Corrections California Institution for Women of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation has a "Corona, CA" mailing address,[55] but is in the City of Chino.[56] Arts and culture Performing arts The Arts Alive Council is a non-profit organization created with the purpose to "foster, promote, and increase the public knowledge and appreciation of the arts and cultural activities in the greater Corona Area." Members include the Corona Symphony Orchestra, Circle City Chorale, Christian Arts and Theater, and Corona Dance Academy.[57] Off Broadway Corona Theater (OBCTheater) is a non-profit organization. They produce two to three theatrical productions each year that are presented at the Corona Civic Center Auditorium.[58] Notable people Travis Barker (born 1975) – drummer for Blink-182, Boxcar Racer, The Transplants, and +44 Erica Blasberg (1984–2010) – LPGA golfer Vontaze Burfict – football linebacker Ken Calvert – United States Representative Mike Darr – Major League Baseball outfielder[59] Richard Dornbush – figure skater[60] Heath Farwell – football linebacker Cirilo Flores – Roman Catholic bishop Troy Glaus – former baseball player Los Angeles Angels[61] Alex Harvill (1992–2021) – motorcycle stunt performer Larissa "Bootz" Hodge – reality television participant, Flavor of Love 2, Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School Tyler Hoechlin – actor known for his role as Derek Hale in Teen Wolf and Superman/Clark Kent in Superman & Lois Candy Johnson – dancer and singer in 1960s AIP "beach" movies Matt Kalil – football offensive lineman who is currently a free agent Ryan Kalil – football offensive lineman for the New York Jets Joe Kelly – MLB starting pitcher[62] Kerry King (born 1964) – guitarist for Slayer[63] Denny Lemaster (born 1939) – MLB pitcher Nikki Leonti – singer-songwriter, actress[64] Crystal Lewis – Christian music singer, TV actress[65] Jason Martin (born 1995) – MLB outfielder Taylor Martinez – former quarterback for Nebraska Cornhuskers Taryne Mowatt – All-American softball pitcher for Arizona Wildcats and two-time ESPY Award winner Ricky Nolasco – Major League Baseball pitcher for Los Angeles Angels Michael Parks – actor, Kill Bill, Red State, The Happening and other films Lonie Paxton – former NFL player for New England Patriots and Denver Broncos Asia Monet Ray – dancer, recording artist, former Dance Moms cast member Shawn Ray – former professional bodybuilder and author Jenni Rivera – vocalist, songwriter of banda music Chance Sisco – baseball player for Baltimore Orioles D.J. Strawberry – professional basketball player Jodie Sweetin – actress known for her role as Stephanie Tanner on television sitcoms Full House and Fuller House[66] Brice Turang – baseball player for Milwaukee Brewers[67] Gary Webb – investigative journalist Marcus Alan Williams – football safety for the New Orleans Saints[68] Lil Xan – rapper[69] Ethan Zubak – American professional soccer player for LA Galaxy Sister cities The following are Corona's sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International.[70]  Fuxin, Liaoning, China  Gōtsu, Shimane, Japan  Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico  Silkeborg, Denmark
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