EARTH 2 Sci-Fi child actor Joey Zimmerman star Signed Autographed photo vintage

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176270374053 EARTH 2 Sci-Fi child actor Joey Zimmerman star Signed Autographed photo vintage. Joey Zimmerman Sci-Fi child actor star Signed Autographed 8x10 photo EARTH 2 vintage. Corner bend lower right Joseph Paul Zimmerman is an American actor and musician. He is sometimes credited as Joey Zimmerman, Joseph Zimmerman, J. Paul Zimmerman and J.P. Zimmerman. 
Joseph Paul Zimmerman was born on June 10th 1986 in Albuquerque, New Mexico and his family moved to San Diego when he was a toddler. From a young age, Joey has shown a keen interest in acting, something he inherited from his father, and he made his debut aged six in the film Jack Reed: Badge of Honor (1993). His big break came a year later in 1994 when he played the youngest son of Jamie Lee Curtis in psychological thriller Mother's Boys (1993). Since then, Joey has enjoyed a steady stream of jobs to notch up his acting resume. He has played major roles in two TV series: first as Ulysses Adair in the science-fiction show Earth 2 (1994) when he was eight years old then, at the age eleven, he had a regular role in the children's comedy Bailey Kipper's P.O.V. (1996) as Eric Kipper. One of his biggest roles to date is Treehouse Hostage (1999) in which he starred with Jim Varney as well as Dylan Piper in the Halloweentown (1998) films. In his spare time, Joey enjoyed fencing and even challenged Clancy Brown, a co-star from Earth 2 (1994) whom he met up with at the 'Earth 2' convention which was held in 2000, to a fencing duel. He outgrew fencing but has turned his attentions to writing, and has written a short sketch which was performed on stage. Joseph Paul Zimmerman (born June 10, 1986) is an American actor and musician. He is sometimes credited as Joey Zimmerman, Joseph Zimmerman, J. Paul Zimmerman and J.P. Zimmerman. Contents 1 Early life 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Early life Zimmerman was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico to Kat and Harry Zimmerman, a Los Angeles-based actor. His parents divorced, and he lived with his mother. He is Jewish.[1] Filmography Earth 2 (1994—1995) (TV series) Mother's Boys (1994) Bailey Kipper's P.O.V. (1997) (TV series) Halloweentown (1998) as Dylan Piper (TV movie) Caroline in the City (1998) as Chuckie (one episode) Treehouse Hostage (1999) as Timmy Taylor The Practice (2002) as Steven Jamison (two episodes) Becker (2000) (TV Series) as Jeff (high school student) 7th Heaven (2000) as Luke (two episodes) Halloweentown II: Kalabar's Revenge (2001) as Dylan Piper (TV movie) That '70s Show (2002) (Steven Hyde; age 13) (two episodes) Halloweentown High (2004) as Dylan Piper (TV movie) Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth (2005) - Director Return to Halloweentown (2006) as Dylan Piper (TV movie) In Plain Sight (2010) as Stranger #2 Roswell FM (2012) as Chris Earth 2 is an American science fiction television series which aired on NBC from November 6, 1994 to June 4, 1995.[1] The show was canceled after one season of 21 episodes.[2] It follows the journey and settlement of a small expeditionary group called the Eden Project, with the intent to journey to an Earth-like planet called G889 in an attempt to find a cure to an illness called "the syndrome". The series was created by Michael Duggan, Carol Flint, Mark Levin, and Billy Ray, produced by Amblin Entertainment and Universal Television,[3] and filmed primarily in northern New Mexico around the Santa Fe area.[4][5] The series' music was composed by David Bergeaud, and the executive producers were Michael Duggan, Mark Levin, and Carol Flint. The show had a successful premiere, reaching eighth place for the week;[6] however, ratings dropped off quickly as the Nielsen ratings share had dropped from 23% to 9%.[7] During its run, it had been nominated for a Primetime Emmy,[8] Saturn,[9] and other awards. In 2005, the entire series was released on DVD in a 4-disc set.[10] Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring and guest stars 3 Characters 4 Life on G889 5 Production 5.1 Notable aspects of the series 5.2 Filming locations 6 Episodes 7 Broadcast 8 Other media 8.1 DVD release and online streaming 8.2 Novels 9 References 10 External links Plot In 2192 most of the human population had fled Earth to live on large orbiting space stations. Only a small number of humans remain on the Earth's surface as the Earth had become mostly uninhabitable.[11] Billionaire Devon Adair's eight-year-old son, Ulysses Adair, had contracted a rare, fatal disease called "the syndrome",[12] a condition whose existence is not acknowledged by the government and medical community. It is theorized that this disease, which affects only children, is somehow caused by the lack of an Earth-like environment.[13] Most children who are born with the disease do not live past the age of nine. Desperate to save her son, Devon puts together a group who will pioneer the effort to settle a planet 22 light-years away from Earth, on which other families with members thus afflicted can settle. The eventual colonization of the planet, however, is opposed by the government. Secret monitoring and agent infiltration threaten the creation of the colony of New Pacifica. Hours before Adair's group intends to leave, a bomb is discovered, set to explode the hour the ship would leave. The Eden Project leaves immediately, jettisoning the bomb before detonation. In "The Church of Morgan", it is revealed this bomb was planted by the Council to stop the ship from leaving.[14] Twenty-two years later, the ship arrives at G889, but it crash lands[15] a great distance from the planned landing site. With her group scattered on the planet and supplies missing, Devon marshals what survivors she can find and begins heading west to the planned site of New Pacifica. During their travels, Adair and her companions slowly learn to cope with life on the alien world, which at first seems superficially Earth-like but which is gradually revealed to have a very different ecology, including at least two different native sentient and humanoid species—a short and stout race at the level of development of hunter-gatherers with a propensity towards kleptomania known as "Grendlers" and the much taller and lankier "Terrians", who are capable of telepathic communication, can tear rents and tunnels in the earth through a pseudo-psychic process and whose well-being is somehow linked to that of the planet. The survivors also learn that the Council — a government group that seems to wield most of the power on the space stations — wants to gain control of G889 for resettlement. Through their various experiments, they have learned that they cannot remove the Terrians without killing the planet. This complicates matters, because Devon's son, who has been healed by the Terrians and who had begun to exhibit some of their unique characteristics, has become the key to the Council's plan for the planet. Cast Main Debrah Farentino – Devon Adair Joey Zimmerman – Ulysses Adair Clancy Brown – John Danziger J. Madison Wright – True Danziger Sullivan Walker – Yale Jessica Steen – Dr. Julia Heller Rebecca Gayheart – Bess Martin John Gegenhuber – Morgan Martin Antonio Sabàto, Jr. – Alonzo Solace Recurring and guest stars Richard Bradford – Commander Broderick O'Neill Terry O'Quinn – Reilly Tim Curry – Gaal Jeff Kober – Z.E.D. Marjean Holden – Danica Rockmond Dunbar – Baines Roy Dotrice – The Elder Virginia Madsen – Alonzo Solace's Dance Partner Kelli Williams – Mary Walter Norman – Walman Marcia Magus – Magus Tierre Turner – Zero Kirk Trutner – Cameron Characters The interactions among the original crew, the convicts, the government and the local aliens and their planet forms the basis of many of the story's plot lines, as the colonists learn more about their new home while trying to avoid detection by the Council. Devon Adair The leader of the expedition and whose own son is afflicted with the Syndrome. As the leader, she attempts to balance directing the group as obstacles are encountered while confronting the possibility that her son may not survive his sickness. Ulysses Adair Nicknamed "Uly", he is the eight-year-old son of the expedition's leader, Devon Adair. He was born with the Syndrome, an illness which convinced his mother that he could be cured if raised on a planet with access to fresh air, clean water and sunshine. His arrival on G889 and eventual connection to the Terrians is one of the keys to the colonization of the world and is a recurring plot theme. John Danziger Previously an indentured worker aboard the space station from which the group leaves. His daughter is most important to him, but he also assumes the role of protector of the group.[16] True Danziger The ten-year-old daughter of John Danziger, and also previously an indentured worker on the space station from which the expedition departed. She forms a bond with Uly, initially one of jealousy and dislike, but eventually a close friendship. Yale A former convict and cyborg whose memory has been erased and behavior altered under a government program for the purpose of becoming a tutor for the children of wealthy families. He later recovers some of his memories and learns he did not commit a violent crime but instead defied the Council. Dr. Julia Heller A genetically modified junior physician the colonists later learn is an agent for the Council.[17] Morgan Martin A government official supervising the Eden Project, husband to Bess Martin. Bess Martin Wife of Morgan Martin, who grew up in the mines of Earth. Alonzo Solace A cold sleep pilot far older than he looks, and eventually a love interest of Dr. Heller. Reilly Julia Heller's contact on the council, who eventually is revealed to be a computer program. In "All About Eve", the creator of the EVE program reveals that Reilly is part of the same program. Zero The crew's bipedal worker droid capable of multiple tasks. Life on G889 The landscape and climate of the new planet where the ship crashed seems very much like that of harsher climates on Earth, such as the southwestern United States. Water is scarce and scrub grows out of rock formations. In this area, three different species of life are discovered by Devon Adair and her group. Grendlers Soon after arrival the colonists come into contact with a semi-intelligent race of traders and scavengers named Grendlers. In "A Memory Play", it is revealed that a grendler's saliva is a cure for virtually any disease.[18] Terrians Exploring further, the group encounters an intelligent subterranean indigenous species named the Terrians, who seem to have a symbiotic relationship with the planet and can only communicate with the colonists through a dreamscape that few of them understand. Kobas Small monkey-like creatures with a leather-like skin and large eyes. Kobas possess sharp claws, which they use like darts to incapacitate their intended food source. Once struck by a Koba-claw, a victim falls into a near-death coma for two to three days, but awakens with no permanent damage. Kobas have a great talent for mimicry. They are friendly toward those who are friendly to them, but are quick to defend themselves against possible predators. Humans During the series the colonists learn they are not the only humans on the planet; it had previously been used as a penal colony so the government could learn more about how to colonize the planet. Production Notable aspects of the series Earth 2 broke new ground by placing Devon Adair as one of the first female commanders in a science fiction television show, preceding the much better known Captain Kathryn Janeway of Star Trek: Voyager by more than two months.[5] The overarching plot of the show and various individual elements helped explore the Gaia hypothesis, mainly through the Syndrome, its effects on many children, and the subsequent healing of the illness after the Eden Project arrives on G889.[19][20][21] During the show, various political and social themes were addressed as well. Throughout the series aspects of the relation of Terrians to the planet and to the colonists reflect the history of colonies with native populations and slavery. In "The Enemy Within", Julia is left behind by the group because of her treachery,[22] addressing briefly what punishments are moral or even inhumane. Another aspect of this issue is addressed in "The Man Who Fell to Earth (Two)", when the group meets a man named Gaal who claims to be an astronaut but is revealed as a marooned criminal;[23] when it is revealed that G889 had been used for many years as a penal colony, questions arise as to the motivations of the Council and their right to do so. In "Redemption", the group encounters a genetically enhanced killer called Z.E.D., who was left on the planet to dispose of all the humans he finds,[18] who at the time had been criminals. Filming locations Exterior shots filmed in New Mexico locations such as Kasha Katuwe Tent Rocks[24] and Diablo Canyon,[24] provided the setting for the series. Episodes (Note: Due to presentation choices of the network, some episodes of this series were aired out of narrative sequence. The table below includes the episode numbering of most recent home media release of the series.[25][26]) No. DVD order [26] Title Directed by [27] Written by Original air date [28] Prod. code [27] 1 1 "First Contact" Scott Winant Story by : Michael Duggan, Carol Flint & Mark Levin & Billy Ray Teleplay by : Michael Dugga & Carol Flint & Mark Levin November 6, 1994 69301 A group of humans leaves the space stations in Earth orbit to travel to a planet 22 light-years away named G889 in hopes of a better life for sick children afflicted with an illness known only as "the syndrome". An advance team will prepare the new colony for the remaining 250 families that will arrive in 26 months; however their craft crash-lands. While scouting for their missing supplies Commander O'Neill is apparently killed by a small creature that True had been nurturing. The advance team find that G889 is inhabited by subterranean dwelling natives called Terrians who communicate with Alonzo through dreams. Uly is captured and taken underground by the Terrians but Devon brokers a deal and Uly is returned, healed and healthy. Note: This pilot for the series aired as a 2-hour television movie. 2 2 "The Man Who Fell to Earth (Two)" Félix Enríquez Alcalá Mark Levin November 13, 1994 69302 Day 3 (Act 1, John Danziger narrating). The Eden project befriends an Earth astronaut, Gaal (Tim Curry), who had previously crash-landed on G889. Alonzo has Terrian dreams and is unable to sleep. True's pet creature stings Morgan, injecting him with its venom. Gaal tells the group that the creature's sting is not life threatening but will render a human unconscious for a day or two. The group realise that they have buried Commander O'Neill alive and return to save him. 3 3 "Life Lessons" Daniel Sackheim Jennifer Flackett November 20, 1994 69304 Two weeks after the crash (Act 1, True Danziger narrating). Gaal attempts to befriend True to enable him to accomplish his goals when he sees the lack of attention she receives from the others. He attempts to disrupt the survivors' encampment until his identity is discovered by Yale. Gaal is then banished from the camp. 4 4 "Promises, Promises" Félix Enríquez Alcalá P.K. Simonds November 27, 1994 69310 Gaal abducts several Terrians and uses them as slave labour, coercing them with torture. Uly begins to become ill again and Alonzo discovers that Uly's wellbeing is linked to the Terrians. Due to a promise made by Devon in "First Contact" the Eden Project aids in freeing the captured Terrians. Gaal is then taken underground by the Terrians. 5 5 "A Memory Play" Deborah Reinisch Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin December 4, 1994 69313 Day 21 (Teaser, Devon Adair narrating). The colonists discover a third escape pod with people infected by a disease. The disease turns out to have been caused by a chip that was inserted into a crew-members brain back on earth. Grendler saliva is discovered to be the cure. It is disclosed that the crash was not an accident but was sabotage by a Council agent. 6 7 "Water" Joe Napolitano Carol Flint December 11, 1994 69303 The Grendlers rob the Eden project's water reserves, with dwindling supplies, and in need the group must scan for bodies of water. Danziger and Devon head out to search for water but encounter some Terrians and must try to show them that they have peaceful intentions. 7 8 "The Church of Morgan" Joe Napolitano Michael Duggan December 18, 1994 69309 Day 38 (Teaser, Julia Heller narrating). Morgan and Bess argue while Julia contemplates removing Uly's pineal gland at the behest of the Council member Reilly. Uly is becoming an evolutionary link with the Terrians, while the marriage of Bess and Morgan is threatened when Bess confesses to him that she had thoughts of cheating on him. 8 9 "The Enemy Within" John Harrison Eric Estrin & Michael Berlin January 8, 1995 69316 Day 49 (Teaser, Julia Heller narrating). Julia injects some of Uly's DNA into herself, she becomes slightly insane and short tempered, True discovers what she has been doing and must persuade the group she is not lying, while Julia sleeps the group has a vote on what to do about her, the group decides to abandon her and leave her with minimal supplies. 9 10 "Redemption" "Sacrifice & Redemption"[27] Joe Ann Fogle Arthur Sellers January 22, 1995 69317 Day 51 (Teaser, Devon Adair narrating). After abandoning Julia in the previous episode, Alonzo decides to go back for Julia, against the wishes of the group. Yale is shot with an explosive bullet. Julia, now back with the group, communicates with her VR contact, Reilly, and learns that the shooter is a ZED unit, an uncontrollable cyborg soldier. 10 11 "Moon Cross" Sandy Smolan Carol Flint February 5, 1995 69314 Day 61 (Teaser, Alonzo Solace narrating). Winter approaches and the group considers where to put down camp, Uly proposes "Mary's Garden," which he knows through the Terrians. Alonzo discovers a young human woman living nearby with the Terrians, whose parents years prior had been killed by Renegade Terrians. Mary reveals they want Uly to be their link with colonists. 11 12 "Better Living Through Morganite, Part 1" Jim Charleston P.K. Simonds February 19, 1995 69308 Day 66 (Teaser, Morgan Martin narrating). Yale begins to regain his memories, Morgan finds glowing rocks and he and Bess decide to stake a claim to the planet, Bess however changes her mind, Morgan does not and decides to set off the geo-lock, he discovers, however, that Bess is within the geo-lock perimeter, and goes into the caves to save her before the geo-lock activates. 12 13 "Better Living Through Morganite, Part 2" Frank De Palma P.K. Simonds February 26, 1995 69315 Day 68 (Teaser, Morgan Martin narrating). Mary saves Yale from Terrian punishment after he is captured (along with Morgan and Bess,) after the activation of the geo-lock "disables" the Terrians' dream plane, Yale finds out that he is not a criminal when Mary helps him use the rocks to learn of his past. Morgan tries to crack the geo-lock abort code so that they can reverse its effects on the planet. 13 14 "Grendlers in the Myst" Janet Davidson Heather MacGillvray & Linda Mathious March 5, 1995 69312 Day 72 (Teaser, John Danziger narrating). The colonists believe they have located a killer after sharing a common dream about a woman much like their mothers, this awakens emotions in True, who had never known her mother, and drives the others to try to locate this woman aided by a Grendler when they start to receive transmissions from her on their equipment. 14 15 "The Greatest Love Story Never Told" James Frawley Mark Levin & Jennifer Flackett March 12, 1995 69319 While on a scouting mission Danziger becomes ill and is rescued by a colony of reformed penal colonists who are living underground with the Terrians, via the dream plane Alonzo learn where Danziger is, Devon leaves alone to retrieve him with True secretly stowing away. Revelations about Devon's past and motives for coming to G889 occur. 15 16 "Brave New Pacifica" Joe Napolitano Carol Flint March 26, 1995 69323 Two scavenging Grendlers come across a box containing human blood and become addicted to it, the Grendlers inadvertently lead the colonists to find a natural means of efficient transportation which they at first believe leads to New Pacifica, Julia is held hostage for human blood. Devon, Danziger and Alonzo become stuck attempting to save Julia. 16 18 "After the Thaw" Michael Grossman Théo Cohan April 2, 1995 69322 Day 109 (Teaser, Alonzo Solace narrating). Julia discovers an ancient Terrian body preserved within ice, insisting on excavating it the group excavate the body, however strange things begin to happen when they bring it to camp, leading to a colonist being possessed. The underground reformed penal colonists explain to them the Terrians beliefs about the ancient Terrian. 17 17 "The Boy Who Would be Terrian King" Jim Charleston Heather MacGillvray & Linda Mathious April 23, 1995 69320 Day 104 (Act 1, Ulysses Adair narrating). On Uly's ninth birthday while sleeping a 25-year-old Uly appears in Devon's dream, he tells her that she must convince his younger self to hide some of his DNA in a particular hiding spot within a Terrian cave, he will not reveal why, Devon becomes wary when she finds out that these Terrians are hostile towards humans. 18 19 "Survival of the Fittest" John Harrison John Harrison April 23, 1995 69324 Day 117 (Act 1, John Danziger narrating). Danziger, Alonzo, Julia and Morgan are out scouting for one of their cargo-pods, on arrival they discover it broken up and the supplies gone, driving back they crash and have to await rescue, with no food or water they begin to act strangely after consuming a Grendler while attempting to survive the harsh conditions of winter. 19 21 "All About Eve" John Harrison Robert Crais May 21, 1995 69321 The colonists are becoming sick from an unknown illness. While in VR a man appears to Morgan and instructs him to an old Earth ship, which they discover still has nuclear power and occupants in cold-sleep. Two scientists survive the revival, and reveal the cause for the illness. Julia finds out Reilly is actually a computer program. 20 6 "Natural Born Grendlers" Michael Grossman Story by : Carl Cramer & David Solmonson Teleplay by : Jennifer Flackett & P.K. Simonds May 28, 1995 69318 Four weeks after the crash (Act 1, Devon Adair talking to Yale). Alonzo begins to get depressed about being marooned on "Earth 2" and attempts suicide, the Terrians help him via the dream plane. Bess trades for supplies with a friendly Grendler and barters away Morgan's VR gear, a depressed Morgan is not happy about losing his gear, Bess returns to the Grendler and tries to trade his VR gear back. 21 20 "Flower Child" Jim Charleston Carl Cramer June 4, 1995 69311 Day 130 (Teaser, Morgan Martin narrating). Scouting for food, Danziger and Bess exhibit strange symptoms after being sprayed with a native plant's pollen. Danziger allows Julia to remove the pollen from his lungs, however Bess refuses and has the desire to head North in the cold without a coat or shoes. Bess asks Morgan to trust her, and Morgan helps Bess to her destination. Broadcast The series premiered on November 6, 1994 with a two-hour pilot episode ("Earth 2: First Contact") that ran from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. EST (including advertisements — it was later split into two episodes for syndication). The following week it moved to a regular time slot. On April 23, 1995 two individual episodes were aired back-to-back from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. EST. It was also aired in Austria, Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom, later in 1995 Greece and Egypt in the fall of 1997, and in Turkey and Norway in 1998. In 2011 it aired on TV4 Science Fiction in Sweden.[citation needed] Other media DVD release and online streaming The complete series, comprising 21 episodes including the two-hour pilot, was released on DVD on July 19, 2005 in the United States in Region 1 format, on 4 dual-sided discs.[29][30] The two parts of "First Contact" originally aired as the pilot in one feature-length 90-minute episode (95 minutes and 30 seconds on the Region 4 DVD). The set includes all 21 episodes in order according to the air date—not the production order—resulting in two episodes ("Natural Born Grendlers" and "Flower Child") being ordered after the final episode, "All About Eve".[31] These two were originally not aired until after the planned season finale had been aired and it was then known that the series had been cancelled; with the series not renewed the season finale became the series finale. In the order of production, and more importantly of the story line, the episode "Natural Born Grendlers" should have followed "Life Lessons". (Clue: Alonzo has a cut on his forehead in "Promises" which he got in "Natural Born Grendlers". However, most people place it after "Promises, Promises" because the three Gaal episodes were shown as a group.[32]) The episode "The Boy Who Would Be Terrian King" (day 104 on the planet) takes place before "After the Thaw" (day 109 on the planet), and "Flower Child" should have followed "Survival of the Fittest".[33] In addition to the episodes, the set includes eight deleted and extended scenes, and out-takes.[34] Another DVD set titled Earth 2: The Complete Series was released on May 28, 2012 for Region 2. It corrected the above-mentioned episode order problem by placing them in narrative order, and included a card explaining that the trailers attached to the end of some episodes would not match the corrected play order.[25][26] Netflix in the United States streamed the episodes in production order. The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage or in motion pictures or television, but also to an adult who began their acting career as a child. To avoid confusion, the latter is also called a former child actor. Closely associated is teenage actor or teen actor, an actor who reached popularity as a teenager. Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults, mainly due to typecasting. Lindsay Lohan and Macaulay Culkin are two particular famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at a young age. Many child actors also become successful adult actors as well, a prime example of this being Jodie Foster, who was 12 years old in the film Taxi Driver in 1976 and went on to become an adult star with variety of films including The Silence of the Lambs (1991). Contents 1 Regulation 1.1 California 1.2 United Kingdom 2 Issues 2.1 Ownership of earnings 2.2 Competitive pressure 3 Post-success troubles 4 Post-childhood success 4.1 Other careers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Regulation In the United States, the activities of child actors are regulated by the governing labor union, if any, and state laws. Some projects film in remote locations specifically to evade regulations intended to protect the child. Longer work hours or risky stunts prohibited by California, for example, might be permitted to a project filming in British Columbia. US federal law "specifically exempted minors working in the Entertainment Business from all provisions of the Child Labor Laws." Any regulation of child actors is governed by disparate state laws. California Due to the large presence of the entertainment industry in California, it has some of the most explicit laws protecting child actors. Being a minor, a child actor must secure an entertainment work permit before accepting any paid performing work. Compulsory education laws mandate that the education of the child actor not be disrupted while the child is working, whether the child actor is enrolled in public school, private school or even home school. The child does his/her schoolwork under the supervision of a studio teacher while on the set. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, a child actor is defined as someone under school leaving age.[1] Before a child can work, they require a performance license from their Local Education Authority as well as a licensed chaperone; a parent can only chaperone their own child, unless they are a licensed chaperone, and a chaperone's duties include acting in loco parentis and record arrival and departure time from the work place, the time a child is working, their breaks and the amount of tutoring.[1][2] A child requires three hours minimum of tutoring daily and a lesson must be a minimum of 30 minutes to count towards the total and with regards to 16 and 17-year-olds in further education, considerations are made in regards to their studies.[3] There are regulations and guidance to safeguard all actors under the age of 18; OFCOM guidance states a child's health and safety, wellbeing and welfare is paramount in television production and factors such as their age, maturity and life experiences can affect their performance.[4] OFCOM also advises that broadcasters undertake risk assesmsents, consider seeking expert advice and follow best practise.[4] Issues Ownership of earnings Before the 1930s, many child actors never got to see the money they earned because they were not in charge of this money. Jackie Coogan earned millions of dollars from working as a child actor only to see most of it squandered by his parents. In 1939, California weighed in on this controversy and enacted the Coogan Bill which requires a portion of the earnings of a child to be preserved in a special savings account called a blocked trust.[5] A trust that is not actively monitored can also be problematic however as in the case of Gary Coleman who after working from 1974, later sued his adoptive parents and former business advisor for $3.8 million over misappropriation of his trust fund.[6][7] Competitive pressure Some people[who?] also criticize the parents of child actors for allowing their children to work, believing that more "normal" activities should be the staple during the childhood years. Others[who?] observe that competition is present in all areas of a child's life—from sports to student newspaper to orchestra and band—and believe that the work ethic instilled or the talent developed accrues to the child's benefit.[citation needed] The child actor may experience unique and negative pressures when working under tight production schedules. Large projects which depend for their success on the ability of the child to deliver an effective performance add to the pressure.[citation needed] Ethel Merman, who several times worked in long-running stage productions with child actors, disliked what she eventually saw as their overprofessionalization - "acting more like midgets than children" - and disapproved of parents pushing adulthood on them.[8] Post-success troubles The failure to retain stardom and success and the exposure at a young age to fame has caused many child actors to lead adult lives plagued by legal troubles, bankruptcy and drug abuse. One such case was Bridgette Andersen, the star of film Savannah Smiles, who had a long history of drug abuse, before dying of a overdose . Examples include child cast members of the American sitcom Diff'rent Strokes Gary Coleman, Dana Plato and Todd Bridges. Coleman famously sued his parents for misuse of his trust fund and, although awarded over $1,000,000, filed for bankruptcy in 1999. After many charges of assault throughout the next years, Coleman died in May 2010. Plato had went on to pose for Playboy magazine and was featured in several softcore pornography films. She was arrested twice for armed robbery and forging prescriptions, and died in May 1999 from an overdose of prescription medication, deemed as a suicide. Bridges was plagued with many legal troubles as well as an addiction to cocaine. After breaking this habit, he became an anti-drug activist and traveled across the U.S., touring schools and warning about the dangers of drug abuse. He has since made several cameo appearances on multiple television programs. The popular television sitcom Full House made child stars out of Jodie Sweetin and the Olsen twins. After the show, Sweetin went on to develop an addiction to methamphetamine, as well as alcoholism. She later overcame this and wrote a memoir describing her experiences. Mary-Kate Olsen, as well as Tracey Gold from the serial Growing Pains, both developed eating disorders, for which they were treated with intensive rehab. Anissa Jones, best known for appearing in the sitcom Family Affair, overdosed on August 28, 1976 at age 18. Jonathan Brandis, who appeared in a number of films as a child and teenager, committed suicide by hanging in November 2003 at the age of 27 due to reasons possibly related to his lack of continued success into adulthood. Likewise, Sawyer Sweeten, a child actor who portrayed Geoffrey Barone on the American sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond, took his life in April 2015 at the age of 19, after a period of depression. Drew Barrymore was notorious for her illegal and public antics beginning shortly after her first role in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Barrymore admits to smoking cigarettes at age nine, drinking alcohol by the time she was 11, smoking marijuana at the age of 12, and snorting cocaine at the age of 13. At the age of 14, she attempted suicide. Another popular example today of child actors with post-success troubles would be Lindsay Lohan. Famous for her starring roles in The Parent Trap (1998), Freaky Friday (2003), Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen (2004), Mean Girls (2004), Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005), Just My Luck (2006) and Georgia Rule (2007), Lohan has since run into much trouble with the law. In May 2007, Lohan was arrested on a charge of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI.) Lohan entered the Promises Treatment Center rehabilitation facility where she stayed for 45 days. In July of that year, less than two weeks out of rehab, Lohan was arrested a second time on charges of possession of cocaine, driving under the influence and driving with a suspended license. In August, Lohan pleaded guilty to misdemeanor cocaine use and driving under the influence and was sentenced to an alcohol education program, community service, one day in jail, and was given three years probation. The same month Lohan entered the Cirque Lodge Treatment Center in Sundance, Utah for a third stint at rehabilitation, staying for three months until her discharge in October. In November, Lohan served 84 minutes in jail. A sheriff spokesman cited overcrowding and the nonviolent nature of the crime as reasons for the reduced sentence. In 1990, actor and writer Paul Petersen founded a support group for child actors, "A Minor Consideration", following the suicide of another former child star, Rusty Hamer. The group seeks to improve working conditions for child actors and to assist in the transition to adult life, whether in acting or other professions.[9] Post-childhood success Ambox question.svg This section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Jodie Foster in 1974 There are many instances of troubled adult lives due to the stressful environment to which child actors are subjected. It is common to see a child actor grow up in front of the camera, whether in films, television shows or both. However, it is not uncommon to see child actors continue their careers throughout as actors or in a different professional field. Jodie Foster started acting at age three, becoming the quintessential child actor during the 1970s with roles in films such as Tom Sawyer (1973) Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), Taxi Driver (1976), Bugsy Malone (1976), The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane (1976), and Freaky Friday (1976). A child prodigy, Foster received her first Academy Award nomination at age 13, and later took a sabbatical from films to attend Yale University. She made a successful transition to adult roles, winning two Academy Awards for Best Actress before the age of 30, and starring in several successful and acclaimed films such as The Accused (1988), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Nell (1994), Maverick (1994), Contact (1997), and The Brave One (2007), thus establishing herself as one of the most accomplished and sought-after actresses of her generation. She has also ventured into directing, and her directing credits include films such as Little Man Tate (1991) and Money Monster (2016) and television shows such as House of Cards, Orange Is the New Black and Black Mirror. Now adults, Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson, the three leads of the acclaimed Harry Potter film series (2001–11), starred in all the installments in the series, and have since continued to act in film, television, and theater in their early thirties. Dakota Fanning rose to prominence after her breakthrough performance at age seven in the film I Am Sam (2001). Her performance earned her a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination at age eight in 2002, making her the youngest nominee in SAG history. She later appeared in major Hollywood productions, in such acclaimed blockbuster films as Man on Fire (2004), War of the Worlds (2005), Charlotte's Web (2006), Hounddog (2007), The Secret Life of Bees (2008), Coraline (2009), The Twilight Saga film series (2009–12), The Runaways (2010), and The Motel Life (2012). Fanning's younger sister, Elle Fanning also rose to prominence as a child actress, having appeared in many films since before she turned three. Miranda Cosgrove, known mainly for her role on Drake & Josh as a child, gained more attention for her role as a teenager in the show iCarly. Since the end of the show she has been featured in other roles, including as the voice of Margo in the Despicable Me franchise. Once she was of age, she decided to pursue a college degree in film at the University of Southern California.[10] Shirley Temple became a public figure and diplomat, beginning in the 1960s. Some of her duties included representing the United Nations, and becoming a U.S. ambassador in countries such as Ghana and Czechoslovakia.[11] Mary-Kate Olsen was treated for an eating disorder, deemed anorexia, but her twin sister remained less troubled. In an article with the magazine Marie Claire, Mary-Kate expressed the bittersweet nature of the twins' childhood. "I look at old photos of me, and I don't feel connected to them at all," she said. "I would never wish my upbringing on anyone... but I wouldn't take it back for the world." The twins now have continued success in the fashion industry with an estimated net worth of approximately $100 million. Drew Barrymore started acting at age three. During her childhood she battled with drugs, but today she continues to act in films. Natalie Portman took a small break in acting to get a bachelor's degree in Psychology from Harvard University before continuing her career as an actress. Rider Strong, known as "Shawn Hunter" in Boy Meets World, was educated at Columbia University and now runs a successful blog and published a graphic novel.[12] Neil Patrick Harris got his acting start in Doogie Howser, M.D. He continues to act in television, films and theater. Jonathan Lipnicki, known mostly for the Stuart Little films, now successfully competes in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[12] Sara Gilbert is known for her role on Roseanne and is now successful as a talk show host on The Talk. Also from Rosanne, Michael Fishman continued to work in film, but behind the scenes and has since been nominated for an Emmy for the work he did in Sports Science. [12] Kirsten Dunst and Lacey Chabert both made the transition from a child actress to an adult actress with a rough patch including depression. After a stay in a rehabilitation center, Dunst was able to recover and continue her career. She proves that the pressures of growing up under the spotlight may not come without repercussions.[13] Roddy McDowall, who had a long and distinguished career including as the regular star of the Planet of the Apes series; Micky Dolenz, who started his career as a child star in the 1950s, grew up to be a musician of the successful 1960s pop group The Monkees, which had its own successful television show; Ron Howard, who, in addition to being the star of both of the long running The Andy Griffith Show and Happy Days television series, became an Academy Award-winning director in adulthood; Elijah Wood, who continued his career successfully into adulthood starring as Frodo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings film series and starring as Ryan Newman in the television series Wilfred. Other child actors who have continued their careers into adulthood include Rose Marie, Hayley Mills, Ann Jillian, Johnny Whitaker, Kathy Garver, Tim Matheson, Bonnie Franklin, Melissa Gilbert, Danielle Brisebois, Erika Eleniak, Max Pomeranc, Christina Ricci, Shelley Fabares, Candace Cameron Bure, Karron Graves, Gaby Hoffmann, Hilary Duff, Molly Ringwald, Stacy Ferguson, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Lisa Whelchel, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Soleil Moon Frye, Melissa Joan Hart, Dean Stockwell, Fred Savage, Neil Patrick Harris, Michelle Chia, Shawn Lee, Joshua Ang, Aloysius Pang, Raven-Symoné and other Academy Award winners and nominees include; Mickey Rooney, Judy Garland, Scarlett Johansson, Jake Gyllenhaal, Joaquin Phoenix, Helen Hunt, Irene Cara, Reese Witherspoon, Hilary Swank, Christian Bale, Saoirse Ronan, Brie Larson, Regina King, Jennifer Lawrence, Lacey Chabert, Elizabeth Taylor, and Leonardo DiCaprio. Other careers Many actors' careers are short-lived and this is also true of child actors. Many actors out of personal choice that start their careers as child actors decide not to pursue the same careers as adults, Shirley Temple became a public figure and diplomat. Peter Ostrum, appearing in his only role, the title character of Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory became a large-scale veterinarian surgeon. Whilst Jenny Lewis, formerly of film Troop Beverly Hills in 1989, is a well-known singer-songwriter indie rock musician. In Poland, child actor identical twin brothers Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński became very successful politicians, at one time Lech being President and Jarosław the Prime Minister.
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